HAMILTON Family (Clan)

Here's some Scottish history involving the HAMILTON clan from tLTP (cf sources below):

After KoS James IV invaded England and his army defeated, and he himself k. 9-9-1513 at the Battle of Flodden, his infant son succeeded him as James V. Scotland was thus again under a regency (as had mostly been the case there for over a century), a kingdom dominated by huge interrelated families, notably the STEWARTs, the DOUGLASes and the HAMILTONs (tLTP p4). Seems likely that these HAMILTONs tie into that key ruling family somehow, possibly via Earls of Arran branch shown below?

Here are more tLTP notes on the HAMILTONs. After Flodden, it soon became apparent that [the gson of] 'Bell the Cat' DOUGLAS [1449-1513 64yo 4 E Angus], i.e. Archibald D 1489-1557 68yo 6 E A was determined to rule Scotland. His marriage to the Q (KoS James IV's widow Margaret TUDOR 1489-1541, older sis of KoE Henry VIII r1509-47) and her subsequent advancement of the DOUGLASes to high offices, excited the jealousy of the Scottish nobilty and provoked the pro-French party at court, which was headed by James HAMILTON, 1st E of Arran, a man renowned for his heroic triumphs in the tournament field; it reignited a centuries-old feud between the DOUGLASes and HAMILTONs, sparking a civil war there. Scotland had long been allied to France (i.e. the 'Auld Alliance') and both countries had a long history of enmity w/England; but Margaret TUDOR was determined to continue as regent w/the pro-English Angus at her side. Her opponents said that under Scot law her re-marriage forfeited her guardianship of her son, the heir. The Arran-led Council resolved to replace her w/John STEWART, D of Albany, gson of KoS James II and next in line after the Q's sons. Albany was an honorable man but mainly identified as a Frenchman, having been raised and now owning vast estates there. So he was reluctant to accept the position. The Q and her kids immediately sought refuge in Stirling Castle, just as the Scottish lords rose in arms against her. Angus was ousted from power, and Albany offered the regency, being installed 7-12-1515. She wanted her bro to invade Scotland, but he wanted her to come to England. Arran soon seized her sons and held her captive. She and Angus got permission to go to Linlithgow Palace (across the border in Northumberland) for the birth of her child; they arrived there 9-11-15 and dau Margaret DOUGLAS was b. soon after (10/7, 1st child w/new hubby). MD was thus 2nd in line for QoE after her mother (til Kath. of Aragon had kids, pp5-8).

The Q finally met her bro KoE Henry VIII on 5-4-1516 just N of London. Angus had returned to Scotland (angering his wife) to 'make peace w/Albany and [try to] secure the restoration of lands confiscated by the Regent' (12). Last time she'd seen Henry, he was 12yo, but was now 'a handsome, athletic, talented and egotistical man of 25' (13, 2yrs younger than she). In Feb 1516 Katherine had finally given b. to a healthy dau, Mary (1st 4 DY); she and MD would become close friends. MD and her mom stayed at what is now Scotland Yard (S of Charing Cross), blt 959 by KoE Edgar so KoS Kenneth III would have suitable accommodation when he came annually to pay homage (14). MD and mom stayed in England 1yr, leaving 5-18-1517 (crossed into Scotland 6/15) to continue pursuit of the regency (despite years of effort, it never happened). In summer 1517 Albany returned to France to tend to his sick wife, so Arran t/o as president of the Scot Council, of which Angus and other lords were also members. But while Angus could deal w/Albany, he and Arran were unable to do so, so a 'volatile partnership' ensued as both sides pursued their bloody H v. D feud. Early 1518 Q MT learned Angus was having an affair w/the beautiful Lady Jane STEWART of Traquair (17, he'd been betrothed to her before his m. to MT).

When Albany returned to Scotland in late 1521, resuming the regency (from Arran), the Q allied w/him v. Angus (her husband!), w/rumors of inappropriate relationship, angering even her bro Henry. Albany summoned Angus on high treason chg's but he failed to appear, so he was sentenced to d. and (again) attainted (19). Angus was exiled to France Mar 1522, but fled from there to England Jun 1524 (always hoping Henry might help him t/o in Scotland, and indeed Henry wanted a pro-English party in Scotland). By fall 1524 Albany had been overthrown and Scotland was again in chaos. On 10/28 Angus returned w/backing from England, finding his wife in power but w/no interest in him; her 'advisor' was also likely her lover, one Henry 'Harry' STEWART, 11yrs her junior (20, hmmm, son of ?). MD was now 9yo. In early 1525 James STEWART [c1499-1544 illeg son of KoS James IV w/Janet KENNEDY] E of Moray [3rd creation 1501] asked to m. MD. He was an ally of Q Margaret (who feared Angus would m. her to an enemy). But Angus said no and in Feb staged a coup, t/o the capital and summoned Parliament, which restored him to power, jointly w/David BEATON, future cardinal and AB of St Andrews, and granted Angus custody of the young James V. For 3yrs Angus enjoyed great power in Scotland, putting Margaret's party to flight, curbing the ambitions of the HAMILTONs and restoring order to the kingdom (21, while diverting James V w/'wine, women and song' to keep him from learning to rule). The DOUGLASes were now supreme. By 1527 the Q had found a better match for MD; 10yo Matthew STEWART, E of Lennox, who would in fact m. her 16yrs later [1543]. The Q m. Henry STEWART by 4-2-1528, by which time Henry VIII was seeking dissolution of his own [1st] marriage (ironic since he blasted HER for not honoring her earlier m., so 'all politics'). Angus took custody of MD sometime between 1525-8, likely thinking of her political value in marriage (tho they were to grow close). By Apr 1528 the Q and her new hubby were under siege at Stirling by Arran (25). In June, 16yo James V asserted his authority as king. With amazing speed he threw off Angus' constraints, escaped to his mother at Stirling, toppled Angus from the regency and forbade the DOUGLASes - whom he loathed and feared - to come w/in 7mi of his royal person. Thereafter he ruled w/advice from mom and Henry STEWART, whom he created Lord Methven.

Angus was willing to retire but would have to defend himself against imprisonment and attainder, so he took refuge at Tantallon, fortifying it (other D's taking similar measures). Sure enough, the new king had him sentenced to forfeit his life and property. Also bro Geo and cousin Archibald of Kilspindie (they both fled into exile). The latter's wife ~38yo Isobel HOPPAR took refuge at Tantallon, acting as MD's lady-in-waiting and perhaps governess. Isobel was the dau of a rich Edinburgh merchant of high standing and, after her 1st hubby d1515 leaving his fortune, she'd m. Kilspindie, who was Lord High Treasurer and Provost of Edinburgh. They'd prospered greatly in money and influence under Angus' ldrshp. The 'scuttlebutt' was that Isobel dominated both her hubby AND Angus, and w/o her the latter would be 'living peacefully in Scotland' (26). So this strong-minded woman now molded young MD. Later that year Angus was forced to flee to England. MD wanted to m. 16yo Patrick HEPBURN, E of Bothwell, but her mom favored (b. <1513) James STEWART of Beath, captain of Doune and younger bro of mom's hubby Harry. But latter was landless and well below MD in rank and status (27). Angus was against both and thus sought to smuggle her to England, which he did 10-5-1528, waiting [8mos] at Norham Castle for Henry's permission to come to London (he was preoccupied by his 'Great Matter' of dumping Kath.). K James beseiged Tantallon 10/18 but finally gave up 11/4. Then the Dec 1528 Treaty of Berwick allowed James to take the DOUGLAS lands on condition that Angus be permitted to seek asylum in England (28, ratified Mar 1529). Angus d/o MD at Berwick Castle, asking Sir Th STRANGEWAYS (comptroller of the household of WOLSEY, MD's godfather) to look after her there as Angus continued to London. But of course W was also pre-occupied w/Henry's 'Great Matter'. In exchange for an oath of allegiance, Henry agreed to grant Angus a pension and promise that any peace w/Scotland would be conditional upon his restoration, but James V persisted in crushing the DOUGLASes (30). So Angus remained at the English court. MD was finally summoned to Henry's court in spring 1530, arr. 4/6. She would've noticed that England was rich & peaceful v. Scotland's poverty and feuding nobles. She stayed for 23yrs [to 1553]!

At the Nov 1542 Battle of Solway Moss, England inflicted a devastating loss on Scotland, and on 12/14 KoS James V d. 30yo ('ill and utterly defeated' p98). This left Scotland w/another regency, since his only child was the infant Mary QoS, b. a week earlier. ~26yo James HAMILTON, E of Arran, was nominated regent for the young Queen Mary. A Protestant and son of Angus' old enemy (who'd d1529), he'd been opposed by RCCers (e.g. Cardinal David BEATON) for fear he'd ally w/England. Tho rich, affable and tolerant, he was also unreliable (e.g. indolent, vacillating) and increasingly influenced by his ambitious bastard half-bro John H, later AB of St Andrews, who constantly tried to win him for the RCC (pro-French) party (97). Arran was friendly toward Henry, and even allowed Angus to return to Scotland after a 13yr exile. Angus could safely do so since his great enemies James V and Margaret TUDOR were dead. Henry wanted Mary QoS to m. his son Edw, which would lead to a united kingdom under English rule, and Angus pursued this. Tho MD was RCC and a good friend of [later QoE] Mary, she favored this cause as well. Arran's main rival was Matthew STUART, 4th E of Lennox (later MD's husband). Arran's half-bro had murdered Lennox's dad, and both were descended from KoS James II, so considered themselves heirs to the throne (after Mary QoS, til she had kids). Lennox arrived in Scotland Apr 1543 and contested Arran's right to govern there. Lennox appealed to the Q Dowager, 28yo Marie de GUISE (James V's widow, mom of Mary QoS). Tho a 7-1-1543 deal was struck for Mary QoS to m. Edw (she'd go there at 10yo, m. the next yr), many Scots found it unacceptable. This is when Lennox proposed m. to MD, to force Arran to side w/pro-French party. Angus and MD agreed. It was observed that Lennox' main goal was rule of Scotland, and he'd use either England or France (by m. Q Marie) to get there, indeed he wavered many times in the next few years. When in Dec 1543 the RCC-dominated Scot Parliament repudiated Arran's deal w/Henry (for Mary QoS to m. Edw), Henry declared war (106).

The Jan 1544 b. of Francis, son of Dauphin Henry of France, brought a new m. prospect for Mary QoS, but Henry had decided by Feb to send an army into Scotland. In early May the invasion began aka the 'Rough Wooing' (111). Angus' lands were ravaged, driving him over to the Arran side. Lennox and MD were m. 6-29-1544 at St James Palace, built by Henry for Anne BOLEYN 1531-6 (115). Their famous son Henry, Lord Darnley, was b1546 (he'd later m. Mary QoS, parents of KoE James I). In late 1546 KoE Henry VIII's health deteriorated, and on 1-28-1547 he d. at Whitehall Palace (134). He was succeeded by 9yo son Edw VI, so England, like Scotland, became subject to a regency council, this one headed by Edw SEYMOUR, now D of Somerset, who was determined to carry on the war against Scotland. The Lennox's were rcv'd cooly by the new fiercely and openly Protestant admin, since they were well known RCCers. Henry's widow Katherine PARR secretly m. the Protector's bro Thomas just 3mos after his death, causing a scandal. Lennox was pragmatic on religion, and made himself useful to Somerset by relaying info collected by his 'army of spies' (136) in Scotland (incl. w/in the govt). His sole motive in this was revenging himself on the HAMILTONs. Lennox was even a cmdr w/Somerset's fall 1547 mil. campaign to force the Scots to m. Mary QoS to Edw VI, and stand w/England v. the HRE. His father-in-law Angus fought on the other side, angering MD but winning popularity for the DOUGLASes in Scotland. When the Scots, led by Arran, were bloodily defeated at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, near Musselburgh, on 9/10, Angus won fame for his brave cmd of the vanguard. The young Q had to be taken from Edinburgh (near the border) to near Stirling for protection. In Jan 1548 Lennox was happy to learn that Arran had abandoned a plan to m. his son, another James H, to Mary QoS (138), but dismayed to hear he planned to send her instead to France to m. the Dauphin Francis. In Feb the Parliament approved this plan, and the French agreed to send troops to expel the English. By this time Lennox' name in Scotland was 'mud', and Somerset rewarded him w/a minor title (too paltrey, acc. to AW) and he took no further active part in the war, retiring to Wressle Castle (in Yorkshire w/MD). Their home became a center for pro-RCC agitation (led by MD), yet they were careful to remain outwardly non-threatening. A French army arrived in June, cutting a swath thru the occupied territories, and a 7/7 deal was signed sealing the m. and keeping Arran as regent for 6 more years, during which the Q Dowager (Marie de GUISE) would steadily gain power, determined to protect her dau's (Mary QoS) interests and preserve her RCC kingdom intact (140). The CoS was lax and corrupt, and the Protestant reformers had already begun to make an impact. Religious affiliations had become identified w/political factions [like today]: the RCCers who favored the 'Auld Alliance' w/France v. a growing body of Protestants who wanted closer ties to England.

To retain Arran's support, Marie de GUISE persuaded KoF Henry II to grant him the French dukedom of Chatelherault and also secured appt of his dissolute bastard bro John H as AB of St Andrews and primate of Scotland [?! THAT must've given a boost to the reformers]. So on 8-7-1548 5yo Mary QoS left for France. In 1549 the English were finally driven out of Scotland as the pro-French RCC party emerged victorious (145). In Jun 1551 England finally conceded defeat and concluded the Treaty of Norham; it left Lennox hanging, his attainder in Scotland stood, and after John DUDLEY, D of Northumberland ousted Somerset as Protector, Lennox was viewed w/suspicion by the English govt as well, likely as a 'friend of Somerset'. In spring 1552 MD and her dad (Angus) were reconciled and she wanted to visit him at Tantallon, but the English govt said no (147) at 1st, but later allowed a 2mo visit w/o her kids. Its clear her family was under surveillance. The chg was because Edw VI was dying of TB, threatening the DoN's power. RCC Mary was next in line and would certainly want to marginalize him (and the Protestant cause). So DUDLEY was plotting to m. his son Guildford to Lady Jane GREY and set her up as new QoE. Henry's will said 'failing the heirs of his body' [Edw, Mary, Eliz, now to be set aside], the crown would pass to heirs of Lady Francis (BRANDON). MD was 1st in line and might contest, so smart to send her away for awhile (w/family in England as hostages for her good behavior). MD was likely still there when Edw d. 7-6-1553, missing the dramatic coup that ensued. On his deathbed he'd signed a new Device for the Succession designating Lady Jane as heir, not mentioning any other claimaints. Jane's reign lasted only 9 days 'because the people rallied in force to the Lady Mary, the rightful heir, and she was proclaimed Q on 7/19. This news, reaching Tantallon, must've brot joy to MD's heart' (149).

QoE Mary I was crowned 10-1-1553. Mary wanted Eliz removed from the succession (and MD to be next in line), but was warned Parliament wouldn't go along. Knowing MD was close to QoE Mary, Lennox was emboldened anew to seize the regency in Scotland from Marie de GUISE. His plan involved bringing MD back to Scotland, but Mary said no, 'I can't part w/her' (151). 38yo Mary openly favored the Lennox's at court, he appt'd to the Privy Council and both living at Whitehall, and people naturally assumed that her intention was for MD to succeed her. 25yo Eliz of course resented this. When Mary 'fell in love' w/27yo Philip of Spain, son and heir to HRE Chas V, Protestants pushed back. In early 1554 Kentish gentleman Sir Thomas WYATT [same as in WH?] led a rebellion against it (153). Many joined in, but Mary managed to rally the people to her cause at the Guildhall. The rebellion was suppressed and its ldrs (WYATT, Suffolk ...) executed. This also sealed Lady Jane's fate, since her father (Suffolk) had proclaimed her Q again. So on 2-12-1554 Jane and her husband Lord Guildford DUDLEY were beheaded. Mary (and likely Margaret) suspected Eliz had been involved w/WYATT, so she was brot to London and lodged in a groundfloor chamber in Whitehall Palace, directly beneath Margaret's apts i.e. for surveillance. Mary also brot Katherine GREY (and her hunchbacked younger sis Mary), Lady Jane's sisters, to court. The idea was to play them off v. Eliz, esp. since Kath. was willing to convert to RCCism (unlike Eliz). Even many RCCers feared Scot/French/Spanish intervention in English affairs if other RCC heirs were crowned e.g. Margaret, Mary QoS (154).

But soon Margaret had another crown in view; since the peace of 1551, Scotland had seen a power struggle between Chatelherault [Ch] and Marie de GUISE for the regency. The frmr was now a 'spent force' and real pwr lay w/the Q Dowager. She now sought to win the [nearly 10yrs] exiled Lennox to her side by offering to restore his Scot lands. QoE Mary also favored Lennox's Scot ambitions, but wanted him to secretly ally w/(his longtime enemy) Ch v. Marie's pro-French party. By Apr 1554 Marie had 'bot off' Ch and assumed the regency herself. This seemed to bode well for RCCers there, tho the Protestant tide was stealthily sweeping in. To stem that, Marie immediately revived the 'Auld Alliance' w/France, importing French advisors and troops. But this of course only further inflamed the proud, indep Scots. But since Lennox was widely hated there, Marie couldn't show favor to him, so backed down on her offer of letting him enter the kingdom (also nixing Mary's alt plan). On 7-25-54 QoE Mary m. Philip of Spain at Winchester Cathedral (155). MD was Matron of Honor. MD schemed to make her son K of Scotland and/or England. Tho attractive, young Henry [b1546] 'had a weak character, as an adult he was arrogant, stupid and wayward, displaying little moral sensibility i.e. he was spoiled' (158). Lennox continued to pursue regaining his Scot lands e.g. sending envoys (Laurence NESBIT, John ELDER) to Mary QoS in France to press his case. Then the year 1557 arrived, a momentous one in Scotland. Protestantism by then had became so popular as to be widely assoc w/an injured sense of natl identity, b. of resentment v. French interference. Ch and 4 others (orig 5: Archibald CAMPBELL 1532/7-73 5 E Argyll, his bro Colin C 1541/6-84 6 E A, Alexander CUNNINGHAM d1574 5 E Glencairn, 'flaming-red haired' James DOUGLAS c1516-81 4 E Morton [MD's uncle] and Scot reformer John ERSKINE 1509-91, Ch switched sides and joined LotC later i.e. Sep 1560) now banded together and, calling themselves the Lords of the Congregation, united w/militant preachers (e.g. John KNOX) and signed a bond, or covenant, to est. the [Calvinist] Reformed faith as ofcl rel. of Scotland. MD's dad Angus d. Jan '57. Tho MD hoped to inherit the earldom of Angus, he'd left it to his male heirs; Sir Geo had d1552, so his son David got it, but HE d. Jun '57, leaving it w/a minor, Archibald DOUGLAS 1555-88, (now) 8th EoA (159, guardian was his 'fiery red haired' uncle James D 1516-81, E of Morton). MD thot this was unfair i.e. Archibald was her dad's grt-nephew, so she started a long fight (which she lost). She WAS the proper heir, but the Scot parliament didn't want her (and esp. attainted Lennox) getting it. Even MD's good friend QoE Mary pleaded for them, to no avail.

QoE Mary was by early 1558 ailing and bitter, hating the idea of Eliz taking over (considered her a 'bastard heretic'). After Eliz, heirs would be Mary QoS, MD (or son), then Kath. and Mary GREY. In Apr Mary QoS m. the Dauphin Francis in Paris (2nd strike for English people, after 1st being a foreigner). In Scotland, James STEWART, Laird of Cardonald near Glasgow, wanted (his distant cousin) Lennox's support v. Marie's rule, but L waffled (162). In 1558 the Lords of the Congregation gained strength (weakening Marie), joined by MD's nephew, Mary QoS's bastard half-bro James STEWART, E of Moray, natural son of KoS James V [w/Margaret ERSKINE, different from above, but same ofc i.e. E of Moray, this one 1 E M of 5th creation c1531-70, intervening E of M was 4th creation Geo GORDON 4 E Huntly 1514-62 forfeited]. Ruthless, clever, opportunistic, sincere in his Calvinistic convictions, model of moral rectitude, perhaps had designs on throne, he'd soon be the richest man in Scotland (162). Lennox' younger bro John STUART had succeeded their uncle as Seigneur [Earl] of Aubigny in 1544, and in the wake of the alliance of England-Spain had been a liason between Lennox and the French court. He'd been captured by the Spanish Aug 1557 but later ransomed (w/Lennox' help), then fought in Jan 1558 at Calais in the French army that finally took back that 'last remaining outpost of England's French empire, a cataclysmic disaster for England that would haunt Q Mary til her d.' (163). RCC Aubigny favored Mary QoS for the English throne, and worked as an agent of Marie de GUISE, even taking part in border raids into England in fall 1558. He was captured but later escaped, likely w/help from Lennox, and when QoE Mary heard this she lost trust in him. But he paid no price, since Q Mary d. 11-17-58. Eliz t/o since Mary had finally 'faced the music' and ack'd her as heir on 11-6! Mary's funeral would prove to be the last of a reigning English sovereign to be conducted w/RCC rites.

KoF Henry II refused to ack Eliz, instead proclaiming Mary QoS as rightful heir. Tho in the past Eliz had generally sided w/'the French party' in English politics (v. RCC Scotland or HRE/Spain), she now responded by allying w/Lennox' enemy Chatelherault and his cohort Moray (at the time contesting MD's claim to Angus). This drove Marie to seek Lennox' support. Ch's son James H (now E of Arran) and Moray told Wm CECIL (who'd been re-appt'd SecSt) that Marie wanted Lennox to come to claim his (and Angus') lands, but asked CECIL to stop him i.e. the Lords of the Cong [LotC] wanted no interference from the man (Lennox) who'd ID'd himself w/the RCC cause (and Moray didn't want competition for Angus). At 1st Eliz seemed favorable toward the Lennox's, but rather than ask them to stay at court sent them back N to Yorkshire, telling them to contact CECIL should they need anything (in court politics, this is a 'brush-off'). MD was 43yo and resented being pushed away from royal power. It didn't take long for her N home to become an informal HQ for anti-Eliz, pro-RCC (and pro-MD and kids) agitation, one historian calling her's 'a restless life of feverish intrigue' (167). Tho their main 'seat' from 1558 was Temple Newsam [an imposing mansion 5mi E of Leeds in W Riding, Yorkshire w/surrounding ~4k acres, extending E from Leeds to Swillington, S from Whitkirk to Rothwell, orig owned by Saxons Dunstan and Glunier, then given by WmConq to Ilbert de LACY, from c1155-1308 owned by the Kgts Templar, immortalized as Templestowe in Sir W Scott's 'Ivanhoe', TN was confiscated by Edw II when Templars supressed 1307, Edw III granted it to Marie de St POL, C of Pembroke, on her d1377 it passed to the DARCY family, but Th D ex 1537 for his involvement in RCC [and anti-Eliz] Pilgrimage of Grace [PoG], reverted to Crown p128], the Lennox's resided mainly at Settrington, 'a great house remotely situated [good for secrecy] in Ryedale, not 30mi from Bridlington Bay on the Yorkshire coast, where ships from Dieppe came to trade i.e. well-placed for covert communication w/France and her Q Mary STUART, and far from London. It was an area pop'd w/old RCC families, had long (since 13C) been the home of the BIGODs (cf Mowbray.txt), til Francis B also joined the PoG and paid w/his life and estates (168). No trace of it today, already in decrepit condition by 1600. They also spent time at E Whitton near Leyburn in Wensleydale, 70mi E of Settrington, which incorp'd ruins of Jervaulx Abbey, dissolved by Henry VIII. Miles COVERDALE himself noted around this time that MD was 'more stiff in her Poperies than [QoE] Mary' (169)! Her hatred of Protestantism was surely fueled by her mom's desecrated tomb, corpse burned, ashes scattered when a Calvinist mob attacked the Charterhouse of Perth 5-11-59. It soon emerged she was ready to use her faith as a pol. weapon to bolster her own claims (and son Darnley's) to the throne, thus making her a threat to Eliz' rule.

It was around this time that Thomas BISHOP joined MD's household (as hired man); he was to become a notorious betrayer i.e. ratting her out to London authorities (also 'dogged, sowing dissention in household, slandering ... he accused her and her priest Wm of MALTON of using witchcraft ... prophesied 1546 that son would be KoE/S ... a hostile witness who can't always be trusted' (says RCC AW). Tho there was widespread interest among the Elizabethan aristocracy in astrology, palmistry and other occult practices, it was dangerous since the govt was becoming increasingly concerned that supernatural practices might be used to undermine the state (p171, cf br-AoG 17C). Key RCC ldrs were Lennox's, [Thomas 1st] Lord Wharton [commissioned 3-26-1544 by Henry VIII as Warden of the Marches and victor of Solway Moss], and E's of ['like a K in the N' Thomas PERCY 7 E] Northumberland and Westmorland ['boisterous' (k. 2 wives, m. 2nd's sis) Henry NEVILLE] (all in N). Est. ~3/4 of pop. of N Riding in Yorkshire was RCC. The 3 Lennox in-house priests were Th ROBERTSON, Wm of MALTON and John DIXON (connected to STEWART.html line?). Other key staff were John ELDER, Peter VAVASOUR and Arthur LALLARD (172, also BRINKLOW, Francis YAXLEY and Hugh ALLEN p173). Tho Eliz was mostly conciliatory toward RCCers, she couldn't ignore the Lennox's 3 main goals (and agitation thereto): preservation (restoral) of old faith, return of Lennox's Scottish lands and (as time passed) their dynastic ambitions. So their household was infiltrated by govt agents. One (name?) was a paid informant of Sir Wm CECIL, Eliz' chf minister (proto-PM). Another was Wm FORBES (ancestor to B.C.?), a spy of Robt DUDLEY, who was close to Eliz (lover? son of 'traitor' EoN ex 1553 by 'Bloody' Mary p173). Eliz told Sir Wm MAITLAND of Lethington (now Lennoxlove), the Scot SecState, that 'some [MD] say there are more worthy [of the crown] than either Mary QoS or myself' (172). Eliz and her team feared MD would make a play for her throne, supported by the might of Spain and RCC lords of N. For >2yrs MD had covert dealings w/Alvaro de QUADRA, Bishop of Aquila and Spanish amb.

Scotland was now in turmoil (174); w/Q Regent (Marie) in a bitter conflict w/LotC, 'horrified at the escalating violence and iconoclasm of their movement' [but willing to use her own! cf 'Myth of Rel. (and Fact of [RCC &] sec-prog) Violence']. She sent in her French troops, but that only further inflamed and hardened Protestant resistance, gathering momentum when 'the fiery and charismatic preacher John KNOX, frmr chaplain to KoE Edw VI, returned from exile in May [1559] and joined the LotC, whipping up support for them in impassioned sermons' (174). On 6/21 Sir Nicholas THROCKMORTON, Eliz' amb. to Paris, reported that KoF Henry II intended to prosecute Mary QoS's claim to English throne, and that Aubigny, Lennox' bro, was also on board. But before he could do that, the KoF d. 7-6-59 'of agonizing wounds after a lance pierced his eye and throat in a tournament' (174, cf 'Dueling Neurosurgeons' bk notes in ? file). 15yo Francis II t/o, making his wife 6ft 16yo Mary QoS the new QoF. At Augigny's invitation, the Lennox's sent 12yo Lord Darnley to Paris to congratulate the new K/Q, giving them a ltr asking for support in regaining their Scottish estates. He was well rcv'd and accompanied by John ELDER (whom THROCKMORTON warned was dangerous and advised surveillance) but Mary refused to press the land claim. MD hoped (and was already plotting) to marry Darnley to Mary QoS should she become available (the young French king was sickly e.g. 'skin eruptions and dizzy spells'). MD also envisaged, >40yrs before it happened, a day when the thrones of England and Scotland would be united (175). It was a good time for MD to plot, since Lennox's rival Ch. was out of favor and had been deprived of his French dukedom as punishment for opposing Marie de GUISE, tho he continued to use the title. The Lennox's still courted Eliz' favor, and she agreed to help them regain his lands/titles in Scotland, tho it would mean his deeper (maybe dangerous) involvement w/Scot politics. On 12-14-59 he rcv'd a ltr from his bro (Bishop of Caithness), brot from Scotland by Capt. Sir John BORTHWICK and Lennox' cousin Th STEWART Laird of Galston (later to serve Mary QoS). JB was a Scot reformer who'd defected to English in Henry VIII's time, had now been sent by Eliz to the Borders w/1k men, but was contemplating abandoning her to join the party of Marie v. Ch., and wanted Lennox's support! He'd been sent by Marie to tell Lennox 'here's your chance' to score big v. Ch. MD was wary, feeling this isn't the right way to regain his lands (always perceptive in politics), but was hospitable to her visitors and showed off Darnley, who they knew was 'next in line' for both KoE and KoS. But she advised against joining their scheme. Lennox dutifully sent the ltr to CECIL, but he also dangerously sent Laurence NESBIT to London to 1 openly ask CECIL to get Eliz' permission for Lennox to pursue his claim to his Scot lands, and 2 secretly show the French amb. de NOAILLES a genealogy showing his own claim to the Scot throne, asking him to write Marie and tell her of his (Lennox) desire to serve HER v. Ch. (176). MD added a note to CECIL asking him to persuade Eliz to neither support Ch.'s claim to Scot succession nor enter a war w/France, who still had great influence in Scotland and were keen to enlist Lennox v. the LotC and their ldr Ch. MD must've known this advise dangerously contravened Eliz' for. policy (to play Spain and France against each other to achieve English cntl of Scotland).

On 12-25-59 Sir Ralph SADLER (CROMWELL's adopted son?) informed the English Council that Lennox's cousin, the Laird of Cardonald, was now asking him [Lennox] to lead a new faction v. Ch. and the LotC. Lennox declined, but CECIL feared he'd eventually succumb to such enticements i.e. that his blood feud w/the HAMILTONs would eventually interfere w/Eliz's determination to support the Reformation in Scotland (and est. English pol. cntl there). If Lennox won a private war w/the HAMILTONs, the LotC and the Protestant cause might be fatally undermined, and the French - who might yet pursue Mary QoS's claim to the English throne - would gain the upper hand and a foothold in Scotland (177). That same Christmas Day, CECIL secretly asked Th HOWARD, 4 DoN, the Q's Lt-Gen in the N, to 'keep an eye on' the Lennox's, lest the French and RCCers lure them into subverting English policy in Scotland. CECIL also hauled NESBIT in and, under questioning, he 'sang' re the secret genealogy and, in effect, request for French help. They threw NESBIT into the Tower, thinking this a 'very dangerous' matter (now believing Lennox was being used by the French). CECIL didn't tell Lennox why he'd been imprisoned, and caught Lennox lying i.e. not revealing his 2nd secret mission. They continued to interrogate NESBIT and its clear he talked, and on 2-3-60 he told them what MD had instructed him to tell de NOAILLES. They summoned her to London, but she managed to talk her way thru it. QUADRA thot it was all an English effort to discredit RCCers (179). Eliz now joined Ch. and the LotC to find evidence that MD was illeg, unsuccessful. But Eliz was determined to end French influence in Scotland, so on 2-27-60 at Berwick her reps and the LotC signed a treaty agreeing she'd send a force to overthrow Marie and drive out the French. Meanwhile, Eliz talked of naming Lord HASTINGS as her successor (a distant cousin descended from the PLANTAGENETs p180). In Apr 1560 an English army laid siege to Leith, the port of Edinburgh, then held by French troops of Marie's. Recent years had seen Marie fighting a losing battle w/the LotC, who overthrew her later that month and set up a Protestant Great Council to govern on behalf of the absent Mary QoS. Ch. was its figurehead, but real power was held by Moray and Knox. Then on 6/11 Marie d. of dropsy at Edinburgh Castle, leaving the way clear for the new govt to implement a Prot. Ref. and drive out the French [LotC t/o, Ch figurehead, but real pwr w/Moray and KNOX]. Hostilities now ceased and a new treaty (signed at Leith) brot an end to the 'Auld Alliance' (181).

On 7/6 at Edinburgh, another treaty (negot. by CECIL) was signed, providing for closer English-Scottish relations and recog. Eliz as rightful QoE, which the Scots had previously refused to do. In Aug the Scot Parliament, in defiance of its lawful RCC sovereign (and w/o her assent), passed legislation est.-ing the Prot. Ref. there. RCCism was outlawed and celebration of Mass became a capital offense. In Sep MD's red-haired cousin, James DOUGLAS, now E of Morton, rode S as amb. for the LotC to express gratitude for Eliz' support. He visited MD en route, they were now on opposite sides of the rel. divide, he having become a reformer in 1557 and a fnd-ing member of the LotC. They'd both likely heard that Robt DUDLEY's wife Amy ROBSART had recently been found dead, her neck broken, at the foot of a flight of stairs at Cumnor Palace, Oxfordshire, and soon of how he'd be cleared of her murder. FORBES informed London of MD's contempt for DUDLEY and her firm belief that he DID k. her. MD had pursued her right to the E-dom of Angus v. Morton's ward, young Archibald DOUGLAS, but now Morton convinced her to relinquish her claim (because her hubby wasn't present, her agreement had no force of law, hmmm, maybe he threatened her?). Thx to CECIL's brilliant diplomacy, Eliz was now popular in Scotland, and in Aug 1560 Moray proposed that she m. Ch.'s son the E of Arran (Lennox's rival). She also named several prominent Protestants to the Council of the N. The Lennox's viewed these as slights, which is probably true, since in Eliz' eyes they'd compromised themselves w/their dealings w/de NOAILLES, and that fall they were summoned to court, where Eliz could keep an eye on them (182). But they were soon allowed to return N, and by 11/20 CECIL and the Protestant Council were intending to make HASTINGS king (of Scotland?). Then on 12-5-60 Francis II d. in agony due to complications from an abscess in his ear, leaving Mary QoS an 18yo widow (just as MD had hoped).

It was dangerous for potential heirs to the throne to m. w/o Eliz' permission. In Dec 1560 Katherine GREY secretly m. the man she loved, Edw SEYMOUR, E of Hertford, son of the late Protector [E of] Somerset. By summer 1561 she could no longer conceal her pregancy, appealing to DUDLEY for help. Once Eliz found out, KG was sent to the Tower, where her son Edw was b. Sep '61. So MD needed Eliz' permission for a Darnley/Mary QoS match, but must've known that wasn't likely. It would likely lead to restored lands/titles for Lennox and even E-dom of Angus for MD. Realizing the threat (i.e. uniting 2 strong claims to the English throne), Eliz 'put on ice' any efforts to help Lennox recover his Scot lands, and kept the couple close to watch (and cntl) them. Thomas RANDOLPH was Eliz' agent in Scotland (he favored Ch. and viewed Lennox as a traitor to Scotland). The Lennox's finally gave the boot to the troublesome Th BISHOP around this time, but by yr-end he'd been hired by the Privy Council as an informer against them (187)! He and Wm FORBES often used word-for-word reports, suggesting collusion. The Scot Parliament was recommending Mary QoS m. Ch.'s son and heir Arran. Darnley was 14yo. MD dangerously worked behind the scenes to generate Scot, French and Spanish support for the m. (the spies keeping Eliz informed). By summer 1561 YAXLEY told MD Eliz was aware of her activities. Mary QoS' intention was to m. Don Carlos, son/heir of KoS Philip, which Eliz of course opposed (also Mary had never signed the Treaty of Edinburgh i.e. renouncing her claim to QoE, vesting regency in LotC and thus sealing friendship between Protestant England and [Prot] Scotland). Mary returned to Scotland in Aug 1561 (avoiding an English fleet sent by Eliz to intercept her, 190). MD saw it as a divine miracle. The French were unlikely to back any claim by MD and her sons to the English throne (191). For weeks before Christmas 1561, Eliz was 'very ill w/dropsy' (194) and it was rumored that MD 'hoped she'd die so SHE [MD] could t/o'. By 1-31-62 Lennox was in the Tower and MD was 'wanted', suspected of 'trafficking w/Papists' (194). Th BISHOP was also closely questioned by CECIL, but proved his usefulness (and hatred of the Lennox's) by detailing his pro-England exploits and providing details of the Lennox's activities (199ff). By Mar 1562 CECIL et al were 'full of suspicion' of MD and other RCCers, and Quadra had heard there was to be a mtg in Lancaster, ostensibly a 'hare hunt for gentlement' but actually to arrest RCCers in Yorkshire. It was to be led by Norfolk, w/Wm PARR (Marq of Northampton and dad of Kath.), E's of Huntingdon (frmr Lord HASTINGS) and Rutland, and Eliz' cousin Henry CAREY (202). He worried that MD's arrest was imminent. But it turned out to be false info (perhaps purposely fed to Quadra?), and they headed to York instead, to ensure against any rising there. Norfolk's purpose likely WAS to close in on MD and her circle. Several were arrested and sent to London for questioning (not MD). ~Mid-March 1562 MD WAS finally arrested at Settrington and brot to London. Norfolk had probably been sent to do this; they would've brot w/them the Q's warrant, issued by the Court of Star Chamber (the ancient high court of England, made up of Privy Councilors and judges and under the cntl of the monarch. Its name derived from the decorative pattern of stars on the ceiling of the chamber in the Palace of Westminster where the court sat, p489 n21), and would accompany MD, her kids and main servants to London.

Darnley managed to escape abroad (to France, w/MD's help?), so his younger bro Chas was made to stay at York while MD continued to London (206, w/at least 2 daus). She was accused of treason and witchcraft and sent to house arrest at the Sheen (Surrey) home of Sir Richard SACKVILLE (1st cuz of Ann BOLEYN, so related to Eliz). Once a Carthusian monastery (est. 1413 by KoE Henry V), after its 1539 dissolution was granted to Henry GREY, D of Suffolk and his wife Frances BRANDON, who'd converted it into a mansion. After he was ex 1554 it was forfeit. In 1557 Mary I restored it to the monks, but after Eliz t/o they were (again) evicted and SACKVILLE leased rooms there from 1559. It lay on the S bank of the Thames, opposite Syon Abbey and 1/2 mile from Richmond Palace (207). In Apr it emerged that Quadra had strongly urged the KoS to support MD in a coup, naming 8-10 English lords who'd rise in her favor to overthrow Eliz (208)! Th BISHOP then on 5/7 drew up a list of 15 articles 'to be laid against my Lady Lennox' which he gave to the Council. But when CECIL interogated her she maintained her (and Lennox's) innocence (apparently effectively, also Lennox had come to London voluntarily). In June 1562 there was talk of a m. between Mary QoS and Don Carlos, the Spanish heir. Eliz was of course against this, as was Catherine de Medici, the Q Mother of France (221). The latter even favored a Mary QoS - Darnley m. On 7/18 CECIL instructed Henry MANNERS, E of Rutland to examine (Lennox man) Ralph LACY. Then in Oct, while staying at Hampton Court, Eliz contracted smallpox and fell so ill that she wasn't expected to survive (227). Her councilers couldn't agree on who should succeed her (Quadra expected 2 or 3 parties i.e. MD/Darnley, Mary QoS, Kath. GREY, Huntingdon ...). Wm PAULET favored MD or Darnley, and DUDLEY urged MD be set free (but no one else dared agree). By 11/30 Lennox was finally allowed to join MD at Sheen, under house arrest. Jan 1563 Parliament again debated the succession. MP John HALES controversially promoted Kath. GREY, but in Feb she further disgraced herself by bearing (still in the Tower) a 2nd son Thomas (232). This pushed Eliz to free the Lennox's (likely more to spite the GREYs than because she fully trusted the Lennox's).

Eliz was in negotiations to m. Archduke Chas of Austria, son of HRE Ferdinand I and also suitor of Mary QoS. But English RCCers much preferred Darnley to the Archduke, dissatisfied w/latter 'in the matter of religion' (hmmm, insufficiently RCC?). Eliz rcv'd the Lennox's back at court, in June even writing Q Mary to appeal for Lennox's attainder to be reversed (235, they were by now desperately short of $). Moray had shunted Ch. aside and was ready to welcome Ch's rival (Lennox) back as a counterbalance to the HAMILTONs (and maybe Eliz just wanted to be rid of the Lennox's?). Eliz was now pushing Robt DUDLEY (her long-time lover) as m. partner to Mary QoS!? Since Eliz didn't want to m. he could perhaps father an heir to both kingdoms, also deflecting Mary from Don Carlos (he was insane, tho not yet widely known). DUDLEY was against it. As was Mary and her advisors (too far below her rank). Eliz was trying to delay Mary's m. and wanted to appear to be 'smiling on the Scot line' (another reason to favor the Lennox's). Eliz kept the groom's name secret, so MD thot it was Darnley. In Mar 1564 Eliz revealed DUDLEY's name and Mary immed. refused (offended, but still wanted to be named Eliz heir, price was accepting Eliz' m. choice, so asked for mtg). MD now sent her man Th FOWLER to Mary, ostensibly on Lennox business but also secretly to press Mary to m. Darnley. RANDOLPH (CECIL's man) was suspicious. Mary now warmed (at last, after much prodding by MD) to the idea of m. Darnley, and agreed to reverse Lennox's attainder, w/full backing of Moray and Maitland, both wanting to counter the HAMILTONs. But by now Eliz was also suspicious and initially refused Lennox permission to go (239). It seems FOWLER formally offered Darnley as husband to Mary ~4-14-1564 (rumors). KNOX and the LotC opposed it. By 5/5 Eliz said OK to Lennox and MD going. Spanish envoy Diego Guzman de SILVA arrived 6/22 at Richmond and found Darnley in high favor, delegated to rcv SILVA. He noted that Eliz was treating MD as '2nd lady in the land and likely successor' (240). In Jul FOWLER was grilled by CECIL. When Lennox asked to bring his son, Eliz was angry and revoked the travel license 7/5. Moray wrote CECIL 7/13 that some of Eliz' friends in Scotland are against Lennox returning. But Mary refused to disallow his coming. On 8/3 (Francis RUSSELL, 2 E) Bedford, Gov of Berwick, wrote CECIL saying he'd heard the Lennox's were coming w/'some gentlemen of Yorkshire', setting alarm bells in CECIL's head. Eliz now realized Mary was seriously thinking of m. 17yo Darnley. But she relented and let him go (w/o MD) by 8/12.

MD lost a great supporter when Quadra d. of plague late Aug 1564. SILVA succeeded him as amb. MD and DUDLEY became friends and BOTH worked to nix the Mary - DUDLEY m. Lennox arr. Edinburgh by 9/23, welcomed by the nobles in Parliament (243). On 9/30 he moved into a fine apt at Holyrood Palace. Now they needed to get Darnley there. Mary sent Sir James MELVILLE, a Lennox adherent, as amb. to England. He had secret instuctions to work w/MD to get Darnley there 'under the pretext of seeing the country and conveying his dad back to England' (like Eliz would buy that!). On 9/29 Eliz created DUDLEY E of Leicester w/a view of befitting him to m. Mary. Here is discussion of famous Lennox Jewel (244ff). Eliz continued to refuse Darnley license to go even tho MD, Mary, CECIL and Leicester tried to convince her. On 10/4 Mary formally restored Lennox and Sir Th SMITH (Eliz's amb. in Paris) reported that the French believed the Darnley m. to be a fait accompli (248). Morton was still trying to prove MD illeg but 'bruit' was that MD and Darnley would soon come. Then in early Nov Lennox wrote to Eliz saying Darnley's presence was needed 'for the preservation of these estates' (249-50). At 1st Eliz said OK, but next day reneg'd (her lawyers said not necessary). Lennox's attainder was reversed by the Scot Parliament on 12/9, so he began re-est. his influence network, many of whom had been excluded by Moray and the HAMILTONs from govt. He also pressed Mary to m. Darnley. But now Eliz seemed to chg tack, as if she'd for some time planned to 'dangle Darnley as a carrot before Mary' (!? 251). The Calvinists Scottish lords later came to believe that her aim in allowing Darnley to go there was to ruin Mary (via their opposition), which was exactly what happened! Those who feared RCC influence (e.g. MD) included Morton, the LotC and enemies of the DOUGLASes. In Jan 1565 Eliz granted Darnley permission to go to Scotland for 3mos. Its possible Eliz 'had the measure of Darnley i.e. knew him to be weak, vicious and arrogant; given enough rope, Mary might hang herself by m. such a liability' (232-3). MD was forced to remain in England w/son Chas. A 2/3 English intel rpt showed that Lennox's enemies in Scotland outnumbered his friends. The latter included Morton and the DOUGLAS's so long as MD continued to demand the earldom of Angus (254). It also saw that Mary was using Lennox i.e. favoring him to 'diss' Ch. 18yo Darnley arr. Edinburgh 2/13, and 22yo Mary immed. noted his good looks. At 1st he was generally well-liked. On 3/8 Lennox asked for 3 more mos. Meanwhile, the French were pushing Mary to consider THEIR man (Henry D of Orleans, kid bro of KoF Chas IX) as hubby (256). The LotC (led by Moray) remained opposed to the Darnley m. and Eliz did all she could to block it. MD w/great difficulty got Eliz to extend their stay another 3mos in Apr. Then Darnley fell ill w/measles, and Mary cared for him 'almost continually ... at all hours ... tender[ly]' and ended up falling in love w/him. But when Maitland in Apr came to London to seek Eliz's ofcl permission for the m. Eliz adamantly refused, 'turning' on MD after highly favoring her before (bipolar or calculated?)!? MD was sent into 'house arrest' at her chamber as Whitehall (258).

By May 1565 Darnley's true nature was becoming more visible i.e. 'saucier than ever ... proudly boasting to knock Ch's head ... claiming Moray was overendowed in landed estates' tho Morton hoped MD would give up her rights to Angus (260-1). On 5/15 as Eliz's amb. THROCKMORTON arr. at Stirling, Mary created Darnley E of Ross, a title he accepted w/o consulting Eliz (treasonable). Worse, he'd 'grown so proud that to all honest men he is intolerable' (261, in Th Randolph's words i.e. another of Eliz' amb.). On 5/27 THROCKMORTON warned Eliz that RCCers in N England should be monitered (incl. Lennox faction, by Council of N) and e.g. D of Northumberland to London. Also, Kath. GREY should be shown more favor and MD less. In mid-May MD finally (verbally but not legally bindingly) renounced her claim to Angus, hoping to win over Morton, Moray and other 'on the fence' Scot lords. Also on 5/27 Eliz cmd'd the immed. return of Lennox and Darnley to England (262). Neither obeyed. Eliz's Council responded w/3 'remedies': 1 Eliz must m. ASAP, 2 strengthen Prot-ism + weaken RCCism and 3 either prevent the m. or neutralize it (from harming English interests i.e. via negotiation?). MD and 8yo Chas were to be further restrained. By 6/8 MD was ordered to the Tower (265, escorted there 6/16, 30yrs after 1st time). On 7/28 SILVA was informed that Moray (assuming the m. was a done deal and fearing he'd then have less influence) had allied w/Ch to demand Mary abandon the Mass (271). MD was dangerously communicating w/ldrs of RCC Spain and France (further arousing Eliz's suspicions). Then on 7-29-1565 Mary QoS m. Darnley at Holyrood Palace, and had her new hubby proclaimed 'King Henry' the next day by the heralds, w/o waiting for his title to be ratified by Parliament. Tho it seemed at the time Lennox's 'finest achievement' and bid fair to unite 2 RCC claims to 2 thrones, leading to a counter-Ref in both realms, it wouldn't play out that way (272). Its a good thing MD's (Douglas) family motto was 'to achieve, I endure', because she was about to endure alot. Roused by Moray, many Scot lords rose in a rebellion later called 'the Chaseabout Raid'. Eliz reacted w/'fury and alarm'. On 8/27 Eliz sequestered (not confiscated, but held in a kind of escrow) MD's (and Lennox's) property in England, adding 'suffering need' to being imprisoned (275). Mounting debts were often the punishment of those who offended the Crown i.e. a key choke-point. Young Chas was brought to London for 'house arrest' near Westminster.

Scotland was now in turmoil (again). Darnley was alienating many w/his posturing and insolence (279). It was clear Lennox had no cntl over him. W/MD out of the picture, there was no one to curb his behavior. Lennox made clear his intention of using his rise to 'ruin' his rivals, the HAMILTONs. But in the scuffle it was HIS lands in W Scotland that were plundered by Ch's ally Argyll (CAMPBELL). Eventually Mary's forces routed the rebel lords, and Moray and his adherents were outlawed and fled into England. On 9/19 CECIL was informed that Moray's pregnant countess, Agnes KEITH, had been arrested and imprisoned. But it wasn't true, she'd been at her home at St Andrew's Priory the whole time. On 10/7 MD turned 50yo. Eliz wanted Moray freed and Mary wanted MD freed, so stalemate (280). W/in 5mos the Darnley/Mary m. had broken down; Lennox dated the rift to the collapse of the rebellion and Mary's pardon of Ch on 12/1, arousing Darnley's fury. Mary likely saw his true nature and w/h the crown matrimonial, also the m. had failed in its pol. objective since English RCCers had not risen to place them on Eliz' throne. Mary now mistrusted both Darnley and his dad, and the latter spent more and more time on his estates in Glasgow. W/o her exiled lords, Mary relied more and more on her Italian sec'y David RIZZIO as advisor (and more?). He, with Th FOWLER [MD trusted employee, later executor] and Sir James BALFOUR (of Scot Privy Council, frmr Prot. but now reverted to RCC; KNOX called him 'apostate and traitor' 281) now 'ruled all'. In early 1565 Mary recalled her exiled lords (after much deliberation and angering Lennox/Darnley). In Mar they secretly joined w/Darnley, he agreeing to support Protestantism and they to procure him the crown matrimonial w/rights to succession. They also agreed to 'rub out' RIZZIO. SILVA told KoS Philip that Eliz helped fund it (288, never proved). On 3/8 CECIL informed MD of RIZZIO's murder as an event that had already happened (it done the next day). The armed men threw Mary into Darnley's arms, dragged RIZZIO out and stabbed him 56 times, leaving Darnley's dagger in his side. The next day Darnley realized the lords wouldn't honor the deal, and 'spilled his guts' to Mary. She was upset w/him but when he told her their plan to imprison her at Stirling (til she d.), she got him to help her escape w/help from the 'loyal and pwrfl, only Scot lord not in pay of England' James HEPBURN, 4 E Bothwell. They fled to the royal castle of Dunbar on the E Lothian coast, one of the mightiest in Scotland. Soon after his army was able to re-est. Mary's authority as Q. But tho they lived at Dunbar, the m. was fractured and Lennox was angry w/Darnley for betraying the conspirators (289). But the RIZZIO ass. and failure of the m. irrevocably damaged the Lennox's standing in Scotland (and in Mary's eyes). Arthur POLE, gson of Margaret, had a claim to the throne and had been a prisoner in the Tower since 1563 (292). MD may've sent him and his bro Edm a note to ask them to relinquish their claims to clear the way for HER heirs. Then on 6-19-1566 Mary gave b. to James (IV/I) at Edinburgh Castle.

Darnley wasn't pleased since this excluded HIM from the succession, also he (and others) suspected RIZZIO may be the father! He'd threatened to leave Scotland, prevented only by illness. MD was scheming to get Darnley out and KoS Philip to press his claim to the English throne (!? treasonous, relayed to CECIL by his agent Wm ROGERS). In Jan 1567 20yo Darnley was w/his dad at Glasgow, the son suffering from syphilis (likely caught in France years before). Lennox was trying to protect his son from danger in Edinburgh, and would've been alarmed if he'd known Morton and other conspirators had been summoned home thx to CECIL's intercession, no doubt w/revenge on their minds. In Feb Eliz announced her interest in m. Archduke Chas of Austria, pleasing all but the MD faction, 'which is small' (294). Mary now fatefully decided Darnley must return to Edinburgh, so she could keep a closer eye on him (and possibly wanted him k.?). In Jan Catherine de' MEDICI, Q mom of France, wrote to Mary encouraging 'all your designs and enterprises' and saying MD was 'on board' (wow, France and Spain). But it was already too late for Mary and Darnley, since on the cold and snowing morning of 2-10-1567, Darnley was murdered. He'd been convalescing in the Old Provost's Lodging at Kirk O'Field just S of the city. Mary had been visiting him daily, seemingly reconciled, even affectionate. That morning he was to return to Holyrood, fully cured, to resume marital relations w/her. She'd been their the evening before, leaving soon after midnight. ~2am a mighty explosion woke most of the city, sparking one of the great murder mysteries in history. The Lodging was blown up, having been undermined by gunpowder. 3hrs later the bodies of Darnley and his valet were found lying in a nearby orchard (in his nightshirt but w/o any wound). When Mary learned of it, she was plunged (acc to her and others) into grief and torment, apparently suffering a nervous collapse. On 2/12 the Scot govt announced a lavish reward for info leading to arrests. The news reached London 2/14. RCCers were of course greatly grieved. It emerged that Bothwell had been there, planted the gunpowder, but NOT k. Darnley. It wasn't til 1581 that Morton confessed to having foreknowledge of the plot, but said he'd had no 'art and part' in it (298). He said the 2 victims had heard something, fled the house, climbed over the nearby city wall and dropped into the orchard below, where they were 'set upon' by a group of DOUGLAS kinsmen (led by Morton's and MD's distant relation Archibald D, Parson of D), who'd then fled into the night. Eliz' amb. on the scene feared 'some rising or disturbance' would follow. But by 2/19 Eliz had rcv'd a report on the details, incl. the d. also of Lennox in the aftermath. So on that day MD was informed (by 2 ladies, wives of CECIL and Lord Wm HOWARD) of both deaths. The shock was more than she could bear, requiring Eliz to send her doctors.

But it turned out Lennox had NOT been k.; he'd left Glasgow for Linlithgow where he'd heard the news of his son's d., then returned to Glasgow, the safest place w/his enemies Bothwell, Moray and Maitland ranged against him. By by 2/19 Mary had summoned him back to Edinburgh (hmmm, hoping HE'D also be k.?). On 2/20 CECIL told MD that Lennox was still alive. Eliz seems to have pitied MD, since on 2/21 she was released to 'house arrest' at Sackville Palace, where she'd stayed 4yrs before after release from Sheen. Eliz also allowed 9yo Chas to join her there. By late Feb most suspected Bothwell as ringldr, and his continued pwr at court and favor w/Mary now looked suspicious (301). Mary had called a parliament to investigate but it wouldn't meet til 4/14! Lennox wrote Mary 2/26 saying she should imprison Bothwell (and ~6 others), but she declined. In Mar MD was given full liberty, but remained at Sackville til a suitable lodging could be found (she still lacked resources). Lennox also asked to be appt'd gov. of his gson Prince James, in place of John ERSKINE, E of Mar, whom Mary had chosen for the role. On 3/23 Mary authorized Lennox to conduct his own private investigation of Bothwell et al. Next day Lennox publicly chg'd him. But because of his wealth and favor, most feared him and as news of the coming trial spread, what little support Lennox had in Edinburgh began to melt away (304). Lennox clearly suspected Mary's involvement too, and didn't hide that from her!? He knew he was in danger, and had a plan to leave Scotland just after the trial. On 4/11 he rode w/3k of his affinity (for protection) from Glasgow to Linlithgow, but there rcv'd orders from Mary that only 6 could come w/him to Edinburgh. He refused. By contrast, Bothwell was allowed to have 400 armed supporters w/him (uh oh). Lennox sent his man Robt CUNNINGHAM in his place, but the case collapsed w/o Lennox there. Even Eliz' msgr was halted at the gates (sent to request delay) til it was over. This hardened Eliz' attitude toward Mary and softened it toward the Lennox's; she finally publicly ack'd Darnley as 'my nearest kinsman and KoS' (305). Mary gave Lennox license to leave Scotland for 10yrs, and on 4/15, knowing he HAD to leave, he visited 10mo old Prince James and asked Mar to look carefully after him. He then went into hiding til a ship could be found. On 4/24 Bothwell effectively seized pwr in Scotland. He kidnapped Mary near Edinburgh (on her way back from visiting Prince James at Stirling) and carried her off to (his main base) Dunbar. There he isolated and raped her, some said w/consent. No one tried to rescue her, testament to widespread belief in her involvement. Eliz was 'greatly scandalized' but her amb. in Paris was openly saying Mary had arranged the murder of Darnley so she could m. Bothwell.

Lennox finally sailed on 4/29, arr. 5/10 at Portsmouth (306). Mary m. Bothwell 5/15 at Holyrood Palace, using the Protestant rite (his faith). On 6/12 Lennox arr. in London and was reunited w/MD (nearly 3yr absense). That summer Eliz persuaded Geo TALBOT, E of Shrewsbury, to let the Lennox's stay at his ancient and decaying mansion of Coldharbour - they had nowhere else to go. It stood on the N foreshore of the Thames, dating from early 14C. By 6/24 news of Mary's overthrow reached Eliz. 9 days before (6/15) the forces of Mary and Bothwell had been defeated at Carberry Hill. After the (victorious) lords promised Bothwell safe-conduct into exile, Mary surrendered and was imprisoned (paraded in shame thru Edinburgh to jeering mobs). Tho seemingly good for the Lennox's, Eliz worked hard for Mary's release (and to avoid her execution), fearing a dangerous precedent (309). For this she needed the support of the HAMILTONs, who were loyal to Mary. But she also wanted a Protestant govt in Scotland. Neither of these were acceptable to the Lennox's. On 6/23 Bedford sent word to CECIL that, tho the Scot lords didn't intend to crown James, they thot Eliz would want that and would request MD to borrow $ from Eliz to further it (a ruse). Mary's fate hung in the balance, kept at Lochleven Castle 'on a lake' (i.e. island in the lake, for maximum security). SILVA learned the lords had enough men but needed money to pay them, as Bothwell had escaped and was in the N raising troops. End of Jun Eliz sent THROCKMORTON to 'save Mary's skin' (310). Eliz had no intention of sending Lennox to Scotland; he might ruin everything (her delicate pro-Mary, pro-Protestant game). On 7/12 it was reported in France that Lennox (at Eliz' request) supports the rebel Scot lords; they suspect she wants to get custody of Prince James (under rebel cntl). That month Moray (in London) showed Lennox a ltr from Mary to Bothwell proving her complicity in Darnley's murder. Mary gave b. to premature stillborn twins in late July (at Lochleven), and soon after (weak w/loss of blood) was forced to abdicate in favor of 13mo old James (who would of course need a regency). He was crowned 5days later as KoS James VI at Holyrood, Stirling. Eliz was outraged at their treatment of Mary, refused to recog James, and demanded he be brot to England as her ward (ostensibly to be raised by MD, who likely realized the Prot. lords of Scotland would never allow their K to be raised by RCCers).

Aug 1567 Moray elected Regent of Scotland (312). Not long before he'd spoken w/his half-sis Mary QoS, who'd admitted to him she'd known of the conspiracy to k. Darnley. He commended her to 'God's mercy', which could only mean he believed the lords meant to execute her. Once regent, Moray sought to neutralize the HAMILTONs, no doubt pleasing the Lennox's. In Oct James VI was 16mos old, when MD commissioned (for the lad) the 'vendetta picture' (finished Jan 1568) i.e. showing Mary's complicity in Darnley's murder. Since they were aging, they likely meant it as a reminder to the king to pursue justice in the matter. Darnley's bro Chas was 10yo. In early May 1568 Mary made a dramatic escape from Lochleven (315). The HAMILTONs and others rallied to her cause, but on 5/12 Moray's forces overcame hers at the Battle of Langside, forcing her to flee S (into England) w/a handful of supporters and 'the clothes on her back'. On 5/22 CECIL visited Lennox asking for details re the Darnley murder. Lennox had Moray's servant John WOOD (related?) write to Moray in hopes of gaining info on possible involvement of AB HAMILTON (CECIL of course wanting to help the pro-England party and hurt the others). MD feared Eliz would be 'charmed' by Mary to help her cause and went to plead her case (v. Mary), but Eliz insisted she'd assume Mary innocent til proven guilty (316). Around here the 'Lennox narrative' (given to Eliz) laid out the case e.g. Mary had 1st committed adultery w/Bothwell Apr 1566, 2mos before James' birth! A ringldr seemed to be Bothwell's cousin, Alexander HEPBURN, Laird of Riccarton (who'd been '1st household man and familiar servant' of Darnley i.e. the insider, after Bothwell later fled to Denmark, AH tried to secure his release from charges, but AH was cleared in Oct). Mary's arrival in England presented Eliz w/an impossible dilemma; her only real option was keeping Mary under house arrest in the N, far from court (317). Eliz also watched MD closely, fearing she might ally w/Mary in the RCC cause. Mary was held at Bolton Castle from Jul 1568 to Jan 1569, not far from Lennox' N Yorkshire lands. This is where the 'Casket Letters' enter the story. The Scot lords alleged that they'd fortuitously discovered this silver casket [box] of ltrs they claimed were sent by Mary to Bothwell, containing proof of her adultery and complicity (originals destroyed 1584, likely by order of James VI). Eliz held a commission at York ostensibly to clear Mary (allowing her to appear at Eliz' court), but really to justify further house arrest. Mary reluctantly agreed to appear. The ltrs caused a sensation at the time (but later, signs of tampering were found). Lennox was happy to attend the trial. It proved inconclusive, but Mary was still held and not allowed to visit Eliz' court.

On 1-22-1569 Eliz withdrew her earlier request that young James VI be brought up in England (unless his safety were threatened). Tho this likely dashed the Lennox's hopes, her aim was to remove offense to the Scots lords and clear the way for Prot. govt in Scotland to consolodate its rule and make common cause w/England. 'Religion, the need to unite v. RCC Europe, and the increasingly realistic prospect of a united succession had drawn the 2 kingdoms together as never before [and] both Moray and Eliz wanted to preserve the status quo' (321). Around this time the Lennox's left London to live a quieter life in Yorkshire. Moray now needed to destroy Maitland, who'd come out for restoring Mary QoS, so had him arrested at Stirling 9-2-1569 for Darnley's murder, in which he may well have been involved. But Maitland was rescued by Sir Wm KIRKCALDY of Grange, who took him back to Edinburgh Castle, which WK was holding for Mary. This coalition of Scotland's greatest pol and its greatest soldier was a blow to Moray. Then in Nov the N earls (Northumberland and Westmorland) and their RCC adherents rose in rebellion to replace Eliz w/Mary. This was Eliz' most dangerous challenge yet, and it was ruthlessly put down e.g. >600 ex and many others exiled. The Lennox's weren't involved but had friends who were. Maitland's trial was set for 11/21, but he refused to leave Edinburgh (and Moray didn't have the mil strength to take it). But on 1-23-1570 Moray was ass. at Linlithgow (323). Soon after the LotC informed Eliz they'd like to have her send 53yo Lennox to Scotland to be their next Regent (James' gov. E of Mar also wrote her and the Lennox's). Eliz at first woundn't commit, perhaps suspicious of his motives and also concerned for his health; he'd already been frail and the murder had deeply shocked him. He wasn't looking to be regent and was prepared to support whomever the lords chose, even willing to 'fervently embrace Prot-ism' if necessary (324, and he and MD were concerned re his enemies there i.e. danger to him AND James). The Lennox's urged Eliz to bring James to England. They stayed at (still unfinished) Somerset Place, blt 1547-51 by Protector S, but reverting to the Crown at his ex 1552. Eliz had lived their during Mary I's reign. They stayed til at least Sep 1570. On 2-25-1570 Pope Pius V excom'd Eliz after hearing of the harsh suppression of the N Rebellion, charging all 'true RCCers' to resist her (on pain of their own excom). He even offered absolution for anyone who'd ass. her! Thereafter the English govt treated RCCers as potential enemies of the state rather than (as before) merely rel. dissidents. On 2/26 Eliz agreed to send Lennox. MD and Chas remained at court 'as sureties' (327). He fell very ill at Berwick in late Apr en route to Scotland, 'near death' in his own words. On 5/13 Lennox entered Edinburgh, seemingly welcomed, then 5/17 at Stirling, telling CECIL that his enemies had fled. Th BISHOP was involved in the N Rising, spent 7yrs in the Tower, and on his 1576 release returned to Scotland and d. bef 1611 (330).

In Jun Lennox was appt'd lt gen of Scotland i.e. top mil cmdr. Then 7/12, at urging of Eliz, Morton and Mar elected Lennox regent. He knew he owed his ofc to Eliz and would need her support to face his opposition. And he WAS bitterly opposed by the HAMILTONs and Bothwell's adherents, and others who feared he'd avenge the Darnley murder. Many there remembered his earlier treachery in deserting to the English during the [Henry VIII's] Rough Wooing. He was also opposed by the Marian party, who refused to ack him. One of their ldrs (Kirkcaldy) held Edinburgh on her behalf for 3yrs. Maitland stood firmly w/them too. He told Eliz (via CECIL) he was in danger, but couldn't refuse her request. On 8/6 Lennox was warned of an ass. plot against him led by Ch's younger son Lord Claud H. In retaliation Lennox hanged >30 men, provoking outrage (331). When he found his servant (relayed ltrs) John MOON secretly carrying ltrs to/from Mary, he began relying on MD as liason to the English court (via Sussex). But when John MOON was tortured on 10/4 he revealed that Mary was trying to win MD over, and that she'd secretly told Lennox 'to hinder nothing that might hinder [Mary's] cause' (!? 335). MD was still friends w/Leicester and CECIL. Typically, Lennox's regency was marred by strife and internecine warfare in Scotland (336), yet it did smooth English-Scot relations. Lennox visited young James when he could, in 1570 appt'd the brilliant Calvinist scholar Geo BUCHANAN (one of his own affinity) as the 5yo's tutor (337, probably saddened MD). Eliz on 11/8 gave MD an intercepted ltr from Mary (from Chatsworth i.e. 'I'm onto you'). It mainly concerned Mary's wish that James could be raised RCC in Spain (so not too incriminating, since MD obviously wanted him w/HER in England). MD mostly maintained (at least outward) contempt toward Mary as e.g. co-conspirator in Darnley's murder. By Dec Lennox was again unwell. In Jan 1571 DRURY reported that 'the Regent's party decays daily and great weakness is found in him' (339). By late that month Eliz's govt was worried about his safety (due to the executions), and in Feb Eliz' spymaster Sir Francis WALSINGHAM (then amb. in Paris) told CECIL 'one from the govt of the young KoS has promised to k. Lennox and raise an army if they [France] will send money'. In Mar Lennox sought Bothwell's extradition from Denmark, causing bad blood between L and Morton (B knew M's secrets). In Feb, encouraged by Eliz, Lennox had gone to war w/the HAMILTONs, emerging triumphant and on 4/2 recapturing Dumbarton Castle, which had been held by Mary's supporters. There he found evidence of Mary's treacherous dealings w/Spain, immed. informing Eliz. He also found hiding there (since Langside) John H, AB of St Andrews, on 4/6 hanged in his vestments and quartered.

Lennox fought his way on to Leith, then entered Edinburgh, where in the Canongate he held what became known as 'the Creeping Parliament', because members had to creep about under fire from the Castle, which Grange, Maitland and Mary's other supporters occupied (339). Lennox had to reconvene it at Stirling, begging Eliz for 10k crowns and some artillery/ammo to take Edinburgh C. Scotland was (again) in turmoil. On 5/26 Lennox wrote to CECIL, newly ennobled as Lord Burghley. By Aug 1571 it seemed clear that w/o armed support by Eliz, Lennox 'must of force leave either Scotland or his life' (341), since both parties were increasingly disliking him. MD wrote him warning how deeply resented he was in Scotland and that Morton was ready to oust him from the regency. She pleaded w/CECIL to get Eliz to help him (she was now quite evidently an influential force in English politics). That summer the French were pressing for Eliz to m. Henry D of Anjou, bro to KoF Chas IX (and the future KoF Henry III). But Eliz was (as usual) evasive. In some perplexity the French amb. Bertrand de Salignac de la Mothe FENELON (hmmm, Chr writer known for 'let go and let God' p341) sought MD's support for that plan, reporting that conversation to Cath. de MEDICI, the Q Mother of France. AW says MD ostensibly supported it (the 'right and only diplomatic advice she could give') but likely secretly prayed Eliz wouldn't have kids, since they'd displace James from the succession. Standing next to his gpa (Lennox), 5yo KoS James opened Parliament at Stirling Castle on Mo 9-3-1571 (344). Noticing a gap in the roof slates of the great hall, he piped up that 'this Parliament has got 1 hole in it', rcv'd by the assembled lords NOT w/amusement but as a sinister omen. Next day it sat again, but overnight a force of Mary's supporters, led by Kirkcaldy of Grange and including the vengeful HAMILTONs, had marched on Stirling intending to oust Lennox and his party from power (345). He was lodging in a house on the mktplace when ~4am the E of Huntly (? GORDON) and the Lairds of Ferniehurst Buccleuch, w/280 horsemen and 60 arquebusiers (archers?) on horseback, arrived at Stirling and took the Regent and the E's of Glencairn and Eglington and many others out of their beds before they could arm themselves. By then, acc. to Grange, 'our party were [already] masters of the town'. Tho there were 20 lords and 2k men supposedly 'guarding' Stirling, there was no resistance.

As soon as Morton surrendered, Lord Claud HAMILTON and others attacked him w/drawn swords to kill him for allying w/Lennox. He was placed under arrest, but his house was soon besieged and torched, as the undisciplined soldiers 'fell to spoiling of the town'. But the HAMILTONs were bent on avenging the AB's ex, so Lennox and the other nobles were herded into a group, to be carried away together. The plan was to take them to Edinburgh, but things got out of hand when Morton et al broke free and rushed down the street toward the port. With their captors diverted, Lennox, John COCKBURN, Laird of Ormiston and others managed to escape, but in the melee both Lennox and Ormiston were wounded by a pistol shot 'by some of the adverse faction'. Morton was rescued [hmmm, planned?]. A Capt George BELL later claimed he'd met Lennox coming down the street and urged him (and Ormiston) to hurry, leading them to a nearby lodge, then bidding Ormiston to 'tarry w/him, for he'd be the saving of his [Lennox'] life'. But under torture BELL chg'd his story, admitting he'd incited his men to shoot Lennox, and indeed took part himself. In any case, Lennox was ambushed by a Capt James CALDER [like the sculptor], who'd been ordered by Lord Claud H and the E of Huntly to slay him. Morton said Lennox was taken some distance away ('> 2 flight shots') and then 'shot w/a pistol along his bowels ... bullet passed 1st thru Ormiston then found its mark in Lennox'. Some say it was (accidental) 'friendly fire', others that it was revenge by the HAMILTONs. The E of Mar arrived too late [for Lennox] w/40 men from the Castle, but were able to save all the nobles of Lennox's party, driving the rebels out of town. But 16 of Lennox's men were k. and 37 injured. The wounded Lennox, still in his saddle (probably in agony), was escorted back into the castle, but when he dismounted 5yo James VI and others witnessed the horrible sight of Lennox bleeding to death out of his bowels. James never forgot it, and spent the rest of his life in dread of dying violently (346). Lennox was helped to a bed and a doctor summoned, but there was nothing to be done. He forgave his enemies, begged his lords to protect his gson, and basically 'said his goodbyes' (1 by 1). He lingered til the following afternoon, dying around 4pm (Tu 9/4).

56yo MD took the news very hard, her 26yrs of 'marital happiness' having been tragically marred by the loss of 7 kids and long separations. She now faced a bleak widowhood (348). Lennox was remembered in Scotland disparagingly as 'the English Regent'. Mar was named his successor as Regent. Grange and Maitland had been the ringldrs of the plot (351, Calder and Bell the scapegoats, ex 9/13), but pretended to be upset (to Eliz), fearing she'd send an army to avenge him and install her own ldr. MD appealed to Eliz for just such an intervention, but no-go (354). MD now asked CECIL to take in her (spoiled, unruly) son Chas, but he instead recommended the Swiss tutor Peter MALLIET, already shepherding ~20 young men, and recently arrived from Paris (being a follower of the Prot. reformer Huldrych ZWINGLI). So Chas was sent to live w/PM at his 'hostel' at Gray's Inn, London (then the largest of London's Inns of Court, enjoying Eliz's special patronage). PM wrote to the reformer Heinrich BULLINGER of his new charge. Mary QoS had now (by 1572) been a prisoner in England for nearly 4yrs (360). On 4/18, w/Mar's help, the earldom of Lennox was settled upon MD's son Chas and heirs 'in perpetuity'. Mar d. 10/29, and Morton elected new Regent. It appears that MD was reconciled w/Mary QoS in 1572-3, possibly due to pragmatic reasons e.g. in the wake of the notorious Ridolfi plot to put Mary on Eliz's throne (Mary was complicit), MD began to worry what would happen to HER if such a thing were to happen, then from early 1573 it seemed more possible Mary could be restored to pwr in Scotland, so MD possibly decided for these reasons that the safest course was to 'bury the hatchet' and ally w/Mary (at least outwardly). But AW says Mary's chances of either throne were 'fairly remote' (364). Bothwell d. at Dragsholm Castle in 1578. MD may've come to believe Mary wasn't involved in Darnley's d. Its clear MD never discovered it was her own DOUGLAS kinsmen who did the deed (365). But when MD and Mary began to restore their relationship, Morton worried about his own uncomfy truths coming out, and sought Eliz's clearing him [of Darnley's murder] else he'd 'proceed v. the HAMILTONs' (366). For practical 'peace and concord' reasons, Eliz was seeking reconciliation of Morton w/the rebel lords who'd k. Lennox (tho still wanted latter to pay a penalty for it). A deal toward this end was signed Feb 1573. Eliz also sent a force to help Morton's regency govt v. Mary's supporters, and in Jun Edinburgh C finally fell to govt besiegers; Maitland, 'the ftn of all the mischief, departed this life, likely by his own hand' (367). Grange was ex 8/3. Morton wanted KILLIGREW sent back to Scotland, but it didn't happen til May 1574.

By Nov 1573 a marriage for the 40yo Eliz was becoming increasingly remote (and that she'd just been 'toying' w/possibilities, playing off various rival kindoms i.e. balance of powers realpolitik). 58yo MD's main focus was protecting gson James' interets and finding a good m. for 16yo son Chas. He may've already had TB by then (it would k. him 1576 19yo). But MD wasn't ready to 'retire', and dangerously involved herself in yet another intrigue to get Chas m. She plotted w/2 old acqaintances; 1 'that redoubtable matriarch and arch-intriguer' (369) Bess of Hardwick, C of Shrewsbury, one of the richest women in England and in high favor w/Eliz, and 2 Katherine WILLOGHBY, Dowager Duchess of Suffolk. Their goal was a m. of Chas w/18yo Eliz CAVENDISH. Bess's remaining marriageable dau from her 2nd m. to Sir Wm C. But since Chas had claims to both thrones, Eliz would certainly want to cntl any matchups. It was already clear he wouldn't live long. Eliz C was also close to Mary QoS, adding more danger i.e. a m. would 'ally MD to Mary's cause'. In Fall 1574 the English Council decided the Kath. GREY line was illeg, and the lawful heir was James VI, and they pushed hard for the Scots to release him to English custody, even offering to send him to his gma MD (371). MD headed N (w/permission from Eliz), ostensibly to visit her Yorkshire estates, but really to visit Chatsworth to scheme w/the other 2 (and also meet Mary QoS, living there in Bess' custody). Fenelon suspected her purpose was to 'transfer the little Prince into England' but he was wrong. But by Sep 1574 Eliz had heard rumors of detente between MD and Mary, raising suspicions. But MD never did meet Mary (same for Eliz). But her Oct 1574 trip was still dangerous, since the 3 plotters met at Rufford Abbey in Sherwood Forest (near Chatsworth) and concluded a m. deal (mid-Oct). MD portrayed it as her being 'unwittingly bounced into a situation in which she couldn't refuse' (373), but we know she'd been planning it for nearly a year. En route 10/9 MD heard the news that when Morton and the Scot Council agreed to let James go, 'the Scotch people were so upset they threatened to murder all the nobles, believing their only goal is to kill the Prince and his mother' (372). MD was doubtless disappointed. She'd never seen her gson James. At Rufford, MD was sick for 5 days (she said), and in that time Chas and Eliz 'fell in love' (374) so deeply that all parties had to consent (i.e. they'd gone too far). The wedding was soon after 11/5 at the Rufford Chapel. Spanish amb. Spes had been expelled from England 1572 for involvement in the Ridolfi plot, so Spanish merchant Guaras and Portugese spy Fogaza were likely involved w/Mary in this scheme (they hated each other but both represented pro-Mary RCC pwrs, 381). MD was shocked to learn Eliz came w/no dowry (Bess was land-rich but cash-poor). But MD's bigger problem was Eliz' wrath.

MD was summoned to London 11/17. There was sensation at Eliz' court, as anti-Mary forces sought to destroy MD and perhaps the Shrewsbury's too (376). Even MD was scared, once again appealing to CECIL for help. After a grueling trip in bad weather, MD's party arrived 12/10 in London. She was placed under house arrest at Hackney (Bess at Rufford). Eliz assigned Sir Francis WALSINGHAM to look into the matter (380). The 'staunch Puritan' Henry HASTING, E of Huntingdon was ordered to question both MD and Bess. Mary feared him due to his anti-RCC faith AND his rival claim to the English throne. The govt clearly suspected a wide-ranging conspiracy. WALSINGHAM was shocked to learn that a friend, Sir Wm LIVINGSTON, Laird of Kilsyth, was 'playing a dbl game', secretly communicating w/Mary (tho of Lennox affinity). K was banished from Scotland for 7yrs, but in 1581 he was on the jury that condemned Morton to d. for Darnley's murder. WALSINGHAM noted 'what ill instruments such disguised men of [that] calling [i.e. RCC priests] oftentimes have been' (381) e.g. Guaras (Bishop of Ross) was scheming to intercept MD before she could be sent to the Tower. MD on 12/27 WAS sent to the Tower, Lt's Lodging (where she'd been 1565-7 for plotting another threatening m.). Bess tried to help MD, but in late Jan 1575 she herself was summoned to London (382). But since she was close to Eliz, she got off lightly. Tho Eliz was still angry w/MD, she allowed her release from the Tower ~Mar 1575. But it wasn't til Oct that Eliz finally concluded it was only about the money, so exonerated MD. MD was delighted when on 6-9-1575 at Edinburgh, she was designated nearest lawful heir after Archibald DOUGLAS to her gpa, George, Master of Angus (384). By then MD was a gma again, as Eliz C had borne Chas a dau, Arbella (pic from Hardwich Hall 3Q77, medieval Scot name, cognate of Annabella [DRUMMOND], wife of KoS Robt III). So now 3 royal heirs of the Lennox line. The birth seems to have cemented the reconciliation of Mary and MD. But MD was no doubt still under surveillance (e.g. she sent Mary a ltr that was intercepted, never rcv'd, and uncovered in 19C by author Agnes STRICKLAND in govt papers in London).

Til Spring 1576 MD, Chas, Eliz and Arbella lived happily together at Hackney. But life wasn't easy, MD was still deep in debt and Chas suffered from TB (scourge of TUDOR males e.g. Arthur PoW, Edw VI, Henry VII all d. of it, 1st 2 at just 15yo). MD was 'reft' when Chas d. Apr 19yo, likely at Hackney. He was the last of her kids. After Chas' d. Eliz and Arbella went to live w/Bess at Sheffield Castle (389). MD's focus was now looking to Arbella's interests. She tried to get the earldom of Lennox settled on Arbella, but the Scots refused, saying it should go to James (or his choice). Then in Jul 1577 the Scots (under Morton) declared the Lennox earldom extinct i.e. all lands revert to Crown. So MD had failed, and would remain in penury the rest of her life (392). In Oct 1577 MD was 62yo, poor and lonely. Her struggle for Arbella's inheritance 'overshadowed the twilight years of her life'. But she still managed to entertain guests. One was Lettice KNOLLYS, widow (Dowager Countess) of Walter DEVEREUX, who'd d1576, who secretly m. her lover the E of Leicester 1578. MD likely knew of this affair, since E was also her friend. Both MD and Mary were sad that 11yo James VI was being raised a Calvinist, and to believe his mom 'an adulteress and murderess [and heretic]'. They even talked of having him spirited away to Spain, but it came to nothing (393). After MD's d1578, Mary [in 1584] wrote a 'scandal ltr' to Eliz bashing both MD and Bess, but either it wasn't sent or it was intercepted, since no repercussions ensued. On 2/26/78 MD made her will, leaving many things to many people, but when she d. she didn't even have enough to pay her funeral expenses, so Eliz agreed to pay them ('a state funeral complete w/heralds and trappings' 398). Her last illness was sudden and short. On the evening of 3-7-78, MD entertained the E of Leicester at Hackney. After he left she became seriously ill, and on the evening of 3/10 she d. peacefully, 62yo. Phillips said in the end she was 'so supported w/truth' that her misfortunes seemed 'incredible' (unimportant). The Puritan preacher 'couldn't believe that one so serene could've suffered so much'. Some say she converted to Protestantism on her deathbed, but AW thinks that unlikely. In 1584 a notorious RCC libel claimed Leicester had poisoned her, as he'd been suspected of doing to his wife Amy ROBSART. The libel also said he'd done the same to Sir Nicholas THROCKMORTON in 1571 at dinner, but that the victim knew it and told a servant he hoped his dau (Eliz, wife of Sir Walter RALEIGH) would outlive Leicester, and will 'lift up her farthingale and piss upon his grave', 396). Also alleged he'd k. Odet de Coligny 1571, Walter DEVEREUX 1576, Th RADCLIFFE E of Sussex 1583 (cf Radcliff) and others the same way. Hmmm. AW says not likely, NO evidence, only rumors (he was hated, resented due to his closeness to Eliz). Th FOWLER proved a loyal servant of MD, managing her affairs well after her d. His son Wm was a staunch supporter of Arbella STUART. Its possible MD d. of food poisoning, not uncommon in those days. Or possibly heart attack or stroke; her mom Marg TUDOR d. of stroke at 52yo. MD's funeral was on 4/3, her coffin borne to Westminster Abbey, where she'd had FOWLER build a beautiful vault, shared w/her son Chas, 'in the S aisle of the soaring Lady Chapel built by her gdad Henry VII' (pic). At the other end of the Chapel stood the fine Renaissance tomb of MD's ggma Margaret BEAUFORT d1509. MD's was the 1st burial in the S aisle since then. The space between their tombs would be occupied, from 1612, by the grand monument of Mary QoS, placed there by KoE James I to underline her - and his - legit descent from Henry VII. AW says its surprising MD lived so long, given her many intrigues. But while Eliz was willing to imprison rivals, she usually didn't want to execute them. She agonized over signing the d. warrant for Mary QoS for 3mos. MD was put in the Tower 3x, each for love; 1st for Th HOWARD, 2nd for Darnley, 3rd for Chas. MD managed to retain her position at court thru 4 turbulent reigns, a lucky (?) survivor in the brutal world of 16C politics. She d. in bed, unlike Jane GREY or Mary QoS, or in prison like Kath. and Mary GREY.

Eliz CAVENDISH d1582 (406). Th FOWLER followed MD's request to keep MD's many jewels for Arbella til she turned 14yo. But en route N (year?) to serve James VI in Scotland, he was ambushed by Francis STEWART, E of Bothwell and they were stolen and given to James, who gave them as securities to his creditors. When Arbella turned 14 in 1589, Burghley appealled to James for the jewels, but was stonewalled. Its possible she got some, tho, since she wears them in portraits. Arbella was in line for the Scot throne, but Morton in 1578 conferred Lennox earldom instead on Robt STEWART, Bishop of Caithness (MD's bro-in-law). Even Q Eliz thot Arbella should get it. James' final attempt to get Lennox (English) lands was in 1583, but he was rebuffed by Eliz. That year, the Lord Chancellor Sir Walter MILDMAY described 7yo Arbella as 'a very proper child ... will be like her gma, my old Lady Lennox' (MD). After Mary QoS was ex at Fotheringhay Castle in 1587, Bess thot Arbella would be chosen as Eliz' successor, a view shared by many. Even Eliz hinted that might be the case, but it was James VI who succeeded in 1603, and saw Arbella as a threat. Like MD, Arbella was impulsive and often ruffled the feathers of those in power, and her own conduct brought her to a tragic fate. In 1610 (like her mom and gma and ggma Marg TUDOR), she made a secret m. to Wm SEYMOUR (had his own claim to throne), gson of E of Hertford who'd rashly taken Kath. GREY as wife. For this James I invoked the 1536 law (passed in wake of MD's m. to Th HOWARD) and Arbella was put in the Tower, where she apparently starved herself to d. in 1615 at 40yo. She was bur. in Mary QoS's vault at Westminster. In 1868 the vault below MD's tomb, which led off the much larger one of Mary QoS, was opened; 3 coffins were found lying on top of one another; MD's on Chas', Esme STUART's (D of Richmond d1624, close to James I) on MD's. MD would've loved to see James I as KoS/E, 1st STUART monarch, uniting the kingdoms (tho not RCC, rats for her). She'd schemed for it all her life. And its HER blood, NOT Henry VIII's or Eliz's, that's flowed in the veins of every sovereign since!

p396 Sir Nicholas THROCKMORTON's dau Eliz m. Sir Walter RALEIGH. Sir NT c1515-71 was English amb. to France and Scotland (p443) and shows up many times in tLTP.

Regents of Scotland:
...
1513 KoS James IV k. at Flodden (wife Margaret TUDOR t/o but -> Civil War)
1515-28 John STEWART, 2 D Albany c1481-1536, gson of KoS James II
[p14 summer 1517 Albany to France to care for his sick wife, leaves James HAMILTON, 1st E of Arran as pres. of Scot Council (so Regent?) w/Angus also on Council, but 2 couldn't get along, constant feuding]
1528-42 KoS James V b1512 (he t/o at 16yo, right?)
1542-54 James HAMILTON, 2 E Arran, D of Chatelherault c1516-75
1554-60 Marie de GUISE 1515-60 (for dau Mary QoS)
1560-? LotC (Ch. figurehead, real pwr Moray and KNOX)
4-24-67 Bothwell seizes pwr (from Mary) in Scotland (305)
Aug 1567 Moray elected Regent of Scotland (312), ass. 1-23-1570 (323)
Jul 1570-1 Matthew STUART, 4 E Lennox 1516-71 (ass. 9/4) m. MD
1571-2 John ERSKINE, 1st E of Mar d. 10-29-1572 (MD 'lost a good friend', p363)
1572-81 James DOUGLAS, Master of Morton, later 4 E Morton c1516-81
...

See Douglas.html for pics of some tLTP characters

c/o fndr of Hamilton, ON (and other towns of that name)

Names

13 153x-15xx HAMILTON, Margaret - ROBERTON, John of Earnock
14 150x-1536 HAMILTON, Robt of Torrance - CAMPBELL, Eliz
15 14xx-1503 HAMILTON, James of Torrance - m1 Anne FFROGG d1494 (mom of Robt, dau of Ffrogg of Rosebank) m2 Janet MAXWELL d1503 m3 Agnes BROUN d1532
16 14xx-1475 HAMILTON, John of Torrance - PARKLIE, Isabella (sis of Kath., daus of Parklie of that Ilk)
17 14xx-1463 HAMILTON, Robt of Torrance - ?
18 1385-1454 HAMILTON, Thomas of Torrance - HAMILTON, ? Heiress of Torrance
[18 140x-1441 HAMILTON, Walter - DOUGLAS, Helen, assuming Walter is Th' bro v. dad]
19 1370-1402 HAMILTON, Sir John 4 L Cadzow - DOUGLAS, Janet of Dalkeith
20 1333-1392 HAMILTON, Sir David 3 L Cadzow - KEITH, Jonetta
21 1310-1374 HAMILTON, Sir David 2 L Cadzow - ROSS, Margaret
22 1274-1346 HAMILTON, Sir Walter 1 L Cadzow - GORDON, Mary
23 1225-1293 HAMILTON, Sir Kgt Gilbert de - RANDOLPH, Mabel Isabella
24 1185-12xx HAMILTON, Wm de - Mary of Buthernock, dau of Gilbert 3 E Strathearn ...

Hmmm, c/o Torrance, CA fndrs for clues on T line ... also get more on T in UK ...

Descent Chart(s)

• 24 Wm de H b. c1185 England d. Somme, Picardy, France (no coa, son of ?) m. Mary of Buthernock (dau of Gilbert 3rd E of Strathearn ...)
  
• 23 Sir Kgt Gilbert de H c1225-93 b. Scotland d. Baldernock, E Dunbartonsh, Scotland (3 stars coa) m. Mabel Isabella RANDOLPH (dau of Th R ... m. Isabel ...)
  
• 22 Sir Walter FitzGilbert de H 1st [Laird] of Cadzow (geni, pic w/stache/goatee!) c1274-c1346 b/d Scotland m. Mary GORDON (dau of ...)
  
• 21 Sir David fitz Walter, 2nd of Cadzow c1310-c74 b/d Cadzow, Lanarksh, Scotland (geni, diff emblem than son) m. Margaret ROSS (dau of ...)
  • 20 David H 3 L Cadzow c1333-92 (geni, pic of round castle) m. Jonetta KEITH of Galston (line to Robt of Torrens)
    • 19 George H of Bord[er?]land b1363 m. ?
      • 18 Thomas H of Blantyre b139x m. ?
        
      • 17 Thomas H of Blantyre b142x m. ?
        
      • 16 Thomas H of Blantyre b145x m. ?
        
      • 15 Wm H of Blantyre or Blantyreferm b148x m. ?
        
      • 14 Wm H of Blantyre b151x m. ?
        
      • 13 Hugh H b154x m. ?
        
      • 12 Archibald H of Ridlewis b157x m. ?
        
      • 11 Margaret H b160x [betw 1510-70] m. Robt H of Barneleugh and Torrens (son of ?), hmmm, my line of H's of Torrance? no ... 10-20-18 geni search found:
        • 10 cf below for 2 Robt H of T's, either of whom may'be been the one who m. Margaret, but not MY line

    • 19 Sir John H 4 L Cadzow 1370-1402 32yo b. Lanarksh d. of wounds in Battle of Homildon Hill, Northumberland (geni, 'thru H' coa) m. Janet DOUGLAS of Dalkeith ...
      • Notes in geni for the Th who m. the Heiress of Torrance say: HJ claimed Th was a son of Walter H, presumed to be son of Sir John H of Cadzow ... JA claimed he [Th] was son of Th H of Darngabir, also presumed son of Sir John H ... more recently Lt Col George H claimed that Th of T was of same gen as Walter ... or Darngabar a younger son of Cadzow by [later] wife Jacoba DOUGLAS, but Lt Col says improbable ... bottom line is that unequivocal evidence of Th H of T ['s existence] is not currently available ... likely b. bef. 2-6-1385 d. aft 10-5-1454 Torrance is in E Dumbartonsh (in E Kilbride) and it was held for >230yrs by HAMILTONs til sold to James STEWART. 1st theory leads to dates problem, so I'll assume Th and Walter were bros.

        geni shows Sir John the father of Katherine, David of Dalserf, Sir James 5th of Cadzow, Catherine, Thomas of Darngaber, Alexander, Walter, Margery, Elizabeth and Mary. Th of D's mom is Janet but not much else is known; b? d? m? kids? ... As of now Th H below is NOT connected to above line in geni.com (i.e. Th H is shown as 'son of ?'), so this is my guess (based on notes of Th H page below).

      • 18 Thomas HAMILTON of Torrance 1385-1454 69yo (geni, mansion pic) m. ? ? Heiress of Torrance (dau of 'Torrance of that Ilk' (son of ?)
        
        • 17 ? Margaret H c141x-8x m. 41x-<1486) John ROBERTOUN of Earnock 141x-<86
          
        • 17 Robt HAMILTON of Torrance c1410-63 ~53yo m. ?
          
          • 16 John HAMILTON of Torrance c1435-75 ~40yo m. Isabella PARKLIE (sis of Katherine, daus of 'Parklie of that Ilk')
            
            • 15 James HAMILTON of Torrance 14xx-1503 m1 Anne FFROGG d1494 (mom of Robt, dau of Ffrogg of Rosebank) m2 Janet MAXWELL d1503 m3 Agnes BROUN d1532
              
              • 14 geni shows kids James H of B, Th H of I, James H of P, Jonat H, Isobel H, John H of S, Geo H, Allan H of M, Andrew of A and finally ... (next line)
                
              • 14 Robt HAMILTON of Torrance 150x-36 m. Eliz CAMPBELL
                • 13 geni shows kids Matthew of T, Allan of B, Alexander of I, Janet and Margaret (my line), so I'll show Matthew and Margaret below
                  
                • 13 Matthew HAMILTON of Torrance 1512-50 38yo m. Jean MUIRHEAD
                  • 12 geni shows kids Archibald, Alexander, Katherine, Robt of T and James of T
                    
                  • 12 James H of T b1521-9 d. Oct 1603 m. Katherine H dau of David H of Broomhill m. Margaret SEMPILL (...)
                    • 11 geni shows kids Robt of T, James of A, John (merchant), Rev Alex, Matt (merchant), Kath, Anne, Eliz, NN and Marion
                      
                    • 11 Robt of T 1540s?-1624 74-84yo m. Beatrix H dau of James H of Piell m. Eliz CRAWFORD
                      • 10 geni shows kids Robt of T, James of T, Janet and Katherine
                        
                      • 10 Robt of T 1560s?-1649 d. Mar m. Jean PORTERFIELD, no kids shown
                        
                      • 10 James of T 1560s?- < 7-27-1664 m1 Anna CUNYNGHAME d. May 1627 m2 Anna ROBERTON
                        • 9 geni shows kids 2 Robt H the younger of T's, Anna and 2 NN daus
                          
                        • 9 Robt H younger of T b1580s? d1628 no wife/kids shown, son of CYNYNGHAME
                          
                        • 9 Robt H younger of T b1580s? d. > 12-24-1666 no wife/kids shown, son of ROBERTON

                        • Either of above Robt's could be the one above who m. Margaret HAMILTON b160x

                  • 12 Robt H of T 1550-79 29yo m. Abigail H dau of James H I of Stonehouse, Provost of Edinburgh m. Grisel SEMPILL (...) 1 day Mary

                • 13 Margaret HAMILTON 153x-xx m. (her 2nd cousin) John ROBERTON of Earnock
                  • 12 Archibald ROBERTON b1560 m. Eliz BAILLIE
                    
                  • 11 Margaret R 1598-1624 m. Rev David DICKSON
                    
                  • 10 Robt D 1630-1700 m. Priscilla KENNEDY
                    
                  • 9 Margaret DIXON 1677-1729 m. Alexander STEWART
                    
                  • 8 Alexander S [Jr] 1713-70 m. Amy SPAULDING
                    
                  • 7 John S 1737-75 m. Lois STORY
                    
                  • 6 John C S 1763-1848 m. Phebe CASTLE
                    
                  • 5 Lucinda E S 1808-42 m. Jacob KAYNER
                    
                  • 4 Mariett K m. Henry Allen RACE
                    
                  • 3 Carrie Eliz R m. John Decker SAWYER
                    
                  • 2 CBS m. Mabel
                    
                  • 1 JCS m. Rosena

            • 15 Margaret H 147x-15xx m. Robt ROBERTOUN of Earnock
              
              • 14 John ROBERTOUN of Earnock 150x-xx m. Margaret CATHCART (he m? Eliz CLELLAND, Margaret dau of Alan C of that Ilk m. Helen SEMPILL)
                
                • 13 John ROBERTON of Earnock 153x-xx m. (his 2nd cousin) Margaret HAMILTON

      • 18 Sir James H 1396-1441 45yo 5th of Cadzow (old wall pic) m. Janet LIVINGSTONE
        • 17 Alexander H 1415-55 (twin?) b. C - ?
          
        • 16 James H 2nd of Silvertonhill 1465-1513 Flodden? - Janet DOUGLAS of Newston, S Lanarksh b1480 dau of ? - Janet CRICHTON C of Morton
          
        • 15 John H of Newton d1535 - Janet SOMERVILLE b1504 dau of Sir John S of Cambusnethan - Eliz CARMICHAEL of Balmedie
          
        • 14 Andrew H of N d1535 (C pic) - ? STEWART b1523 eol
          
        • 13 Alex H of Goslington d1592 - Cath HAMILTON dau of John H of Newton eol
          
        • 12 Andrew H of G d1642 - ?
          
        • 11 Sir Robt H of G d1642 - Eliz BAILLIE dau of Sir Wm B L Provand - ?
          
        • 10 Edw H of Balgray & Silvertonhill d1649 - Kath KINCAID eol
          
        • 9 Sir Robt H of S 1st Baronet 1624-70 b. S, Rosneath, Dunbartonsh - Anne HAMILTON 1634-63 dau of John H L Belhaven - Dame Marg HAMILTON d1695 dau of James H 2 M H - ? ... cf ERSKINE line in ahnen-sf
          
        • 8-4 Dr David LIVINGSTONE 1813-73 famous missionary to Africa ... cf ERSKINE line in ahnen-sf

        • 17 James H II 1st Baron H c1416-79 ~63yo (geni, pic) m. Mary, dau of KoS James II (cf chart below)
          • James w/Janet CALDERWOOD
            
          • 16 John H of Broomhill d1526 - Janet HAMILTON b1553 dau of Robt H of Preston - Cath TWEEDIE
            
          • 15 John H of B [II] d1594 B, Lanarksh (coa) - Eliz H of Udston 1519-64 dau of Patrick H of U - Isobel LINDSAY dau of Robt L of Dunrod - Eliz SCHAW eol
            
          • 14 Claud H of B d1605 (b/w) - Margaret ? (map)
            
          • 13 Sir James H of B 1st Baronet - Margaret HAMILTON (flag) dau of Wm H of Udston - Margaret ? eol
            
          • 12 John H L Belhaven d1679 - Dame Margaret H
            
          • 11-6 Dr David LIVINGSTONE 1813-73 famous missionary to Africa ... cf above

          • James w/Princess Mary
            
          • 16 James H 1 E Arran 1475-1529 54yo (twin?) d. Kineil, E Lothian (pic, cf pic tLTP p96) - Mary BOYD b1476 dau of ? (other wives of JH m1 Eliz HOME, m2 Janet BETHUNE, ?, Chr STEWART and Marg LIVINGSTON)
            • w/?
              
            • 15 John H of Clydesdale b150x d. aft 2-16-1558 Scotland - Janet HOME
              • 14 Lady Margaret H 153x-96 d. 5/25 Edinburgh - James JOHNSTONE of Johnstone, David DOUGLAS 7 E Angus, Sir Patrick WHITELAW of that Ilk
                
              • w/James J of J
                
              • 13 John J, Marquis Annandale c1544-1587 b/d Dumfriessh - Lady Margaret SCOTT
                
              • 12 Sir James J Sr, Lord of J 1567-1608 b/d " - Sarah MAXWELL
                
              • 11 James J 1 E Hartfell 1602-53 51yo - Marg DOUGLAS (also m. Eliz J, Marg HAMILTON)
                
              • 10 Mary J 1627-75 48yo b. Dumfries d. Netherby, Cumbria - Sir Geo GRAHAM of Esk/Netherby, 2nd Baronet (& Sir Geo FLETCHER, 2nd B)
                
              • 9-0 (10-1 in Graham.html) to US evangelist Billy GRAHAM

            • w/Janet
              
            • 15 John H, AB of St Andrews 1512-71 59yo bastard son w/mistress?
              
            • 15 Helen H m. Archibald CAMPBELL c1505-58 5th E of Argyll
              
            • 15 James H, 2 E Arran, D of Chatelherault c1516-75 ~59yo Regent of Scotland 1542-54 rival of MD's dad Lennox (in 1520 there were negotiations for his m. to Margaret DOUGLAS; he was 4yo, she 5yo, but Albany nixed it, fearing Q and Arran would then unite against him, tLTP p18) - Marg DOUGLAS d1579 (pic) dau of Sir James D 3 E Morton - Cath STEWART dau of KoS James IV - Marg BOYD
              • 14 James H, 3 E Arran 1533-1609 76yo
                
              • 14 John H, 1 M H 1535-1604 (pic) - Margaret LYON M of Glamis
                • 13 James H, 2 M H 1589-1625 b. Forfarsh d. Whitehall (pic) - Anne CUNNINGHAM
                  • James w/?
                    
                  • 12 Dame Margaret H d1695 - John HAMILTON L Belhaven
                    
                  • 11 Anne H 1634-63 b. Broomhill, Dunartonsh - Sir Robt HAMILTON of Silvertonhill 1st Baronet
                    
                  • 10-6 Dr David LIVINGSTONE 1813-73 famous missionary to Africa ... cf above

                  • 12 Wm H, 2 D H 1616-51 b. H, S Lanarksh d. 9/12 34yo B of Worcester, supt'd both Royalist and Presby causes during 'Wars of the 3 Kingdoms', fought in B of Kilsyth on Covenanter side, then in 1647 signed 'Engagement' Treaty w/Chas I at Carisbrooke C and helped org 2nd English Civil War, 1648 fled to Holland w/many other Royalists i.e. to escape CROMWELL's wrath, next yr succeeding to DoH, MoH, E's of Arran and Cambridge, bro ex'd, so most senior of Scots Royalist exiles, returned to Scotland w/KoS Chas II in 1650 but unable to reconcile w/M of Argyll, so retired to his estates til 3rd English Civil War and Scot invasion of England, in which he acted as Col of a regiment of mostly his tenants ... tLRR p11 mentions that Sep 1648 Chas [II] was back in TDR (Hellevoetsluis) after trying to raid England when 'the awful news greeted them that the DoH's army had been defeated by Parliament's best general, Oliver CROMWELL, on a rough moor NE of Preston, 2k of H's 10k men lay dead and 6k captured, the heroic royalist recovery they'd all believed in was all but over' (pic) - Eliz MAXWELL

                  • bro of
                    
                  • 12 James H 1st D, 3rd M H 1606-49 b. H Palace, S Lanarksh ex 3/9 42yo (pic) - Lady Mary FIELDING (mistress Mary LIVINGSTONE) ... James dad of Marg KENNEDY, Marion, Henrietta Maria (named for QoE), Anne H 3rd Duchess of H, Chas H 3 E Arran, L James H, Wm H and Lady Susanna KENNEDY b1638 (i.e. m. Sir John K 7 E Cassilis Nov 1653-1701)

                  • 11 Anne H 3rd DoH 1631-1716 b. Whitehall d. H P (pic) - Sir Wm DOUGLAS-HAMILTON 1634-94 1 E Selkirk (pic)

                  • 10 Lt-Gen James D-H 4 D H 1658-1712 b. H P k. Hyde Park in duel w/L MOHUN (both died) (pic) m1 Anne SPENCER m2 Eliz GERARD m3 Eliz DOUGLAS ... This must be the 'DoH' in tLRR p178ff that led the reaction against KoE Chas II's (under Lauderdale) Jan 1678 (hmmm, he was 20yo) unleashing of 'Highland Host' to harry Covenanters and other resisters to K's favored Anglican observance ... H's (actually his mom's) bro-in-law young 24yo John KENNEDY E of Cassilis also participated ... latter wrote Monmouth asking for help w/K to 'call off dogs' ... why not clear, since M hadn't yet shown any sympathy to any non-admin cause, but perhaps because yr bef M had 'resisted prosecution for mtgs on his own estates' in Buccleuch ... M did in fact plead relentlessly w/his dad the K, alienating many incl half-bro D of York ... dad finally relented and made M L Lt of Irel, replacing aging and ailing Lauderdale (181)

              • 14 Claud H, 1 L Paisley 1546-1621 75yo (mom Lady Marg DOUGLAS) went insane w/hereditary 'religious madness' in later years (pic) m. Margaret SETON 1554-1616 (cf 16604 in -sg gen #14)
                • from geni.com (cf Spencer.html)
                  
                • 13 1575-1618 James H 1 E Abercorn b. Renfrewsh d. Lanarksh bur. Paisley, Scotland (pic) m. Marion BOYD 1578-1632 cf 8302 in -sg gen #13)
                  • 12 Anne H 1592-1620 b. Paisley, Renfrewsh d. Edinburgh - Hugh SEMPILL 5 L S 1592-1639 b. Glasgow (cf 4150-1 in -sg gen #12)
                    
                  • 11 Marion S 1617-68 b. Fifesh - Sir Geo PRESTON of Valleyfield 1 B P of Nova Scotia 1614-79 b. V, Culross, Fifesh d. Chesham, Buck-sh (coa)
                    
                  • 10 Mary P 1644-71 - Rev John COLVILLE 1650-71 21yo!? b. France d. Scotland Dr of divinities, Regent of St Andrews College
                    
                  • 9 Alex C 1666-1738 b. 10/2 Scotland d. 8/15 Dromore, Irel suddenly in pulpit - Christian THOMPSON 1665-1700 b/d Falde, Ayrsh
                    
                  • 8 Christian C 1693-1759 - Rev John BRADNER 1692-1733
                    
                  • 7 Eliz B c1740-1802 ~62yo - Major James SAWYER 1738-82 44yo
                    
                  • 6 Benj S 1769-1838 - Hannah WOOD 1772-1830
                    
                  • 5 James Benj S 1794-1852 - Cath NEARPASS 1792-1859
                    
                  • 4 BCS 1819-1909 - Mary VALENTINE 1819-1900
                    
                  • 3 JDS - Carrie RACE
                    
                  • 2 CBS - Mabel GRUNNET
                    
                  • 1 JCS - Rosena GEARHART

                    1 JCS and 0 Lady Di (ca 13) are 11c 1x removed on HAMILTON line

                  • 12 1607-79 Sir Geo H (Baronet) b/d Irel - Mary BUTLER
                    
                  • 11 1620-73 Col James H b. Irel d. Neth - Eliz COLEPEPER
                    
                  • 10 c1661-1734 James H Jr 6 E A b. Irel d. Engl - Eliz READING
                    
                  • 9 1686-1744 James H III 7 E Abercorn - Anne PLUMER
                    
                  • 8 1714-55 Capt Hon John H b. Ireland d. England - Harriet Eliot CRAGGS
                    
                  • 7 1756-1818 John James H FitzJames 1 M Abercorn - Cath COPLEY
                    
                  • 6 1786-1814 James H Visc H - Harriet DOUGLAS ...
                    
                  • 5 1811-85 James H 1 D A - Louisa Jane RUSSELL(dau of John R 6 D Bedford m. Georgiana Eliz GORDON
                    
                  • 4 1838-1913 James H 2 D A - Maria CURZON-HOWE related to L C of Rhodesia?
                    
                  • 3 1869-1953 James H 3 D Abercorn - Rosalind BINGHAM
                    
                  • 2 1897-1972 Cynthia HAMILTON - Albert SPENCER (Lady Di's gparents)
                    
                  • 1 1924-92 Edw S 8 E S 68yo Visc Althorp - Frances Ruth ROCHE (later div.)
                    
                  • 0 1961-97 'Lady Di' S d. 8/31 in paparazzi-related car crash in a Paris tunnel - Prince Charles DoY

                    1 JCS and 0 Lady Di (ca 19) are 17th cousins, 1x removed on this line

            • 15 Sir Kgt James H of Finnart 150x-70 8/16 Edinburgh ex. for treason (pic of St Michael's Linlithgow) - Margaret LIVINGSTON dau of Sir Robt L - Janet BETHUNE
              • 14 James H of Crawfordjohn b. Rox-sh (txt) - Marion HEPBURN 1533-71 (38284)
                
              • 13 Patrick H b1558 b. Kelso - ? (19142)
                
              • 12 Marion H b1590 Edinburgh - Bartholomew FLEMING 1585-1624 b. Rotterdam (9571)
                
              • 11 Janet F 1613-93 b. Edinburgh d. Rotterdam - Rev John Henry LIVINGSTON (4785)
                
              • 10 Wm L 1638-1700 - Anna VEITCH (2392)
                
              • 9 James L Sr 1674-1725 - Maria ROOSA (1196)
                
              • 8 James S L 1706-50 b. NY - Anna Cath KUHN b. Germany (598)
                
              • 7 Sarah L 1731-81 b. NY d. NJ - Broer DECKER (299)
                
              • 6 Hannah D 1750-1826 - Chas McLEAN (149)
                
              • 5 James M 1780-1804 - Cath SILVERNAIL (74)
                
              • 4 Hannah M 1801-79 - David RACE Carpenter (37)
                
              • 3 Henry Allen R 1829-1905 - Marriet KAYNER (18)
                
              • 2 Carrie R - JDS (9)
                
              • 1 CBS - Mabel
                
              • 0 JCS - Rosena

                0 JCS and 6 Rabbie BURNS (ca 15) are 8c 6x removed

            • 14 Grizel H 153x-73 (art) - Andrew LESLIE 5 E Rothes son of 15 Geo L 4 E R anc. of 1 JCS cf Dutch.html
              
            • 13 Eupheme L 1573-1611 - James LINDSAY 7 L Byres
              
            • 12 John L 8 L L of the B 1574-1609 b/d Lanarksh - Anna OLIPHANT
              
            • 11 Lady Anna L d1792 (1692 right?) - Alexander FALCONER 1 L Halkerton 1595-1671
              
            • 10-6 Robt 'Rabbie' BURNS famous poet ... cf Stewart.txt

          • 16 Eliz H 1475-1531 (twin?) b. H, Lanarksh d. Darnley, Renfewsh - Matthew STEWART, 2nd E of Lennox
            • 15 John STEWART, 3rd E of Lennox [Lennachs, Lennax] 1490-1526 36yo
              • 14 Matthew STUART (French spelling, 1st adopted by Mary QoS while living in France), 4th E of Lennox 1516-71 55yo - Margaret DOUGLAS 1515-78 (subject of tLTP)
                • 13 Henry S, Lord Darnley 1546-67 21yo (ass. by ?) - Mary QoS, parents of KoS/E James VI/I 1566-1625

                • 13 Chas S, 6 E L 1557-76 19yo - Eliz CAVENDISH 1555-82 27yo, parents of Arbella S 1575-1615 40yo (pic in tLTP) - ?

              • 14 John STUART, 5th Seigneur d'Aubigny c1519-67 ~48yo
                
              • 14 Robt STEWART, Bishop of Caithness, 6 E Lennox, 1 E March c1522-86 ~64yo

        • 17 Gavin H 1417-93 Provost of Collegiate Church of Bothwell b. Cadzow, Lanarksh d. Lanark 76yo (church drawing) m. Jean MUIRHEAD
          • 16 John H of Orbiston 144x-1513 b. Paisley, Renfrewsh d. Strichen, Aberdeensh m. Jean HAMILTON dau of James H of Woodhall m. Isabella LIVINGSTONE
            
          • 15 Gavin H 2nd of Orbieston 147x-1550 m. Helen WALLACE of Cairnhill
            
          • 14 John H 3 O c1540-68 b. Glasgow d. Langside, Lanarksh (twr pic) m. Margaret HAMILTON dau of Gavin H 1st of Haggs m. Janet PETTIGREW
            
          • 13 John H 4 O c1568-1621 d. Orbiston, Lanarksh m. Christian DALZELL
            
          • 12 James H 1st of Dalzell c1610-63 b/d Hamilton, Lanarksh m. Jean HENDERSON
            
          • 11 Anne H 1643-1713 70yo m. David BOSWELL 6th of Auchinleck
            
          • 10 James B 7th of A 1672-1748 76yo b/d A, E Ayrsh m. Lady Eliz BRUCE
            
          • 9 Alex B 1706-82 b. A d. Edinburgh 76yo (pic) m. Euphemia ERSKINE
            
          • 8 James B 1740-95 b. Edinburgh d. London, famous biographer of Samuel JOHNSON (pic) m. Margaret MONTGOMERIE

      • 18 Walter H 140x-<41 m. Helen DOUGLAS (dau of Sir Henry D of Lugton & Lochleven m. Marjory STEWART of Ralston (pic of L castle for Helen) ...
        • 17 James H of Raploch b142x (coa, son of Walter, right?) m. ?

        • 16 Wm H of Raploch c1450-c1538 (coa) b. Raploch, Lancashire, Scotland d. Somme, Hauts-de-France m. Margaret BAILLIE ...
          
        • 15 James H of Raploch 1475-<1532 d. Raploch, Ayrshire, Scotland (coa) m. Lady Isabella WEIR ...
          
        • 14 Archibald H of Raploch c1500-<59 (coa) m. ?
          
        • 13 Hans H 1536-1608 72yo vicar of Dunlop (woodcut of 2 figures praying under arch) b. Raploch d. Dunlop, E Ayrshire m. Janet DENHAM (dau of James D m. Cath STEWART) ...
          
        • 12 Wm H c1570-1627 b. Dunlop d. Bangor Erris, Co Mayo, Irel m. Jane MELVILLE ...
          
        • 11 John H 1612-99 87yo b. Belfast d. Co Down m. Jane ECHLIN ...
          
        • 10 Jean H b163x b. Belfast d. Killileah, Down, Irel (pic of text) m. Alexander H 163x-1676 d. Killyleagh, Co Down (pic of Bible text) son of 13 Hugh H of Lisbane 160x-71 d. Lisbane, Co Down, bur. Bangor (pic of Bible text) m. ?, Hugh son of 14 Sir James H of Finnart 157x-16xx b. Finnart, Scotland (pic of genealogy page) m. Helen CUNNINGHAM ...
          
        • 9 Hugh H 1664-1728 64yo b. Ballybrenagh, N Irel d. Co Down NI (pic of Bible text) m. Mary ROSS
          
        • 8 Alexander H of Knock & Newtown 1690-1768 78yo b. Co Down, d. Newtown Hamilton m. Isabella MAXWELL
          
        • 7 Rt Rev Hugh H 1729-1805 76yo b/d N H bishop of Ossery DD & FRS (pic) m. Isabella WOOD
          
        • 6 Rev Hugh Staples H 1790-1865 75yo b. Newtown H, Armagh, Irel m. Eliz STAPLES
          
        • 5 Rev Th Robt H 1826-1906 80yo m. Mary WARREN (-> medieval Sir Kgt Wm of W?)
          
        • 4 Florence Augusta H 1862-1908 46yo (pic) m. Albert James LEWIS 1863-1929 66yo (pic, son of 7 Richard L 1832-1908 76yo m. Martha GEE, Rich. son of 8 Joseph L b1803 m. ?)
          
        • 3 C S LEWIS 1898-1963 64yo famous author (pic) m. Helen Joy DAVIDMAN (cf Adams.txt for geni.com line)

  • 20 Walter H 1339-1402 (continue line to AlexHAM) b. Cadzow, Lanarksh d. 9/14 Scotland (big lion coa) m. ?
    • 19 David H of Cambuskeith d. bef 1436 b/d Ayr, Ayrsh, Scotland (big lion coa) m. ?
      
    • 18 James HAMILTON of Cambuskeith b1425 b/d C (big lion coa, dad of 1st E of Arran) m. Marjory HAMILTON (dau of James H of Fingalton & Preston m. Agnes ...) ... did this James also m. Mary dau of KoS James II? If so, same as #13 Lord H below ...
      • 17 House of Hamilton line below ... James H 1st E of Arran ...
        
      • 17 (rest of AlexHAM line) ... John H of C c1450-<89 b/d C (big lion coa, L-McC ancestral cousin) m. Marion MAXWELL (dau of ...)
        • 16 Alexander H of C c1475-1513 b. C d. 9/9 Flodden (big lion coa) m. Marion CUNNINGHAME (dau of ...)
          
        • 15 John H of C b146x (no coa) m. ?
          
        • 14 Wm H of C b148x d. bef 1571 (big lion coa) m. Christian FARQUHAR (dau of F of Gilmilnscroft and ?)
          
        • 13 John H of C 1504-47 b/d Cambuskeith, Lanarksh, Scotland d. 9/12 (big lion coa) m. Janet STEWART (dau of Sir Matthew S of Minto and ?)
          
        • 12 David H of Ladieton b155x d. bef 1-10-1616 (sm lion coa) m. Marion CAMPBELL (dau of Geo C of Ducathall and ?)
          
        • 11 Alexander H of Grange b158x (big lion coa) m. Agnes CRAWFORD (dau of ?)
          
        • 10 Sir John H of G b161x d. Feb 1662 (sm lion coa) m. Margaret HAMILTON (dau of John H of Sandieholm and ?)
          
        • 9 John H of G b164x d. Apr 1674 (big lion coa) m. Eliz CRAWFORD (dau of ...)
          
        • 8 John H of G b167x d. Mar 1695 (" coa) m. Rebecca CUNNINGHAM (dau of ?)
          
        • 7 Alexander H of G b169x (" coa) m. Eliz POLLOCK
          
        • 6 James A H 1732-99 b. Grange, Scotland d. Isle of Nevis, British W Indies m. (mistress) Rachel LAVIEN (dau of John FAWCETTE IV and Mary)
          
        • 5 Alexander H 1757-1804 47yo k. in duel by Aaron BURR m. Eliz SCHUYLER (partner of Nellie ?)
          
        • 4 ...
          

So 1 JCS and 3 C S LEWIS (common anc 19 Sir John H 4 L Cadzow) are 15th cousins, 3x removed on the HAMILTON line

And 1 JCS and 5 Alexander HAMILTON (common anc 21 Sir David fitz Walter 2 Cadzow) are 15th cousins, 4x removed on this line

• 18 KoS James II b1430 r1437-60 m. Mary of Guelders
  
  • 17 Mary b1450? m. James, Lord Hamilton (anc. of 27 Henry, Lord DARNLEY (mur.) m. Mary QoS, parents of KoS/E James VI/I and 5th E of Lennox 1566-1625 ...)
    
    • 16 James H, 1st E of Arran c1475-1529 ~54yo (tLTP p96) m1 Eliz HOME m2 Janet BETHUNE (other wives NN, NN, Christian STEWART, Margaret LIVINGSTON)
      
      • w/NN
        
      • 15 John H of Clydesdale b150x d. < 2-16-1558 Scotland m. Janet HOME
        
        • 14 Lady Margaret H 153x-96 d. 5/25 Edinburgh m. James JOHNSTONE of Johnstone, David DOUGLAS 7 E Angus, Sir Patrick WHITELAW of that Ilk
          
        • w/James J of J
          
        • 13 John J, Marquis Annandale c1544-1587 b/d Dumfriessh m. Lady Margaret SCOTT (...)
          
        • 12 Sir James J Sr, Lord of J 1567-1608 b/d " m. Sarah MAXWELL (...)
          
        • 11 James J 1 E Hartfell 1602-53 51yo m. Marg DOUGLAS (also m. Eliz J, Marg HAMILTON)
          
        • 10 Mary J 1627-75 48yo b. Dumfries d. Netherby, Cumbria m. Sir Geo GRAHAM of Esk/Netherby, 2nd Baronet (& Sir Geo FLETCHER, 2nd B)
          
        • 9-0 (10-1 in Graham.html) to US evangelist Billy GRAHAM
          
      • w/Janet
        
      • 15 John H, AB of St Andrews 1512-71 59yo bastard son w/mistress?
        
      • 15 Helen H m. Archibald CAMPBELL c1505-58 5th E of Argyll
        
      • 15 James H, 2 E Arran, D of Chatelherault c1516-75 ~59yo Regent of Scotland 1542-54 rival of MD's dad Lennox (in 1520 there were negotiations for his m. to Margaret DOUGLAS; he was 4yo, she 5yo, but Albany nixed it, fearing Q and Arran would then unite against him, tLTP p18)
        
        • 14 James H, 3 E Arran c1532-1609 ~77yo
          
        • 14 Claud H, 1 L Paisley 1546-1621 75yo
          • from geni.com (cf Spencer.html)
            
          • 13 1575-1618 James H 1 E A bur. Paisley, Scotland m. Marion BOYD
            
          • 12 1607-79 Sir Geo H (Baronet) b/d Irel m. Mary BUTLER
            
          • 11 1620-73 Col James H b. Irel d. Neth m. Eliz COLEPEPER
            
          • 10 c1661-1734 James H Jr 6 E A b. Irel d. Engl m. Eliz READING
            
          • 9 1686-1744 James H III 7 E Abercorn m. Anne PLUMER
            
          • 8 1714-55 Capt Hon John H b. Ireland d. England m. Harriet Eliot CRAGGS
            
          • 7 1756-1818 John James H FitzJames 1 M Abercorn m. Cath COPLEY
            
          • 6 1786-1814 James H Visc H Harriet DOUGLAS ...
            
          • 5 1811-85 James H 1 D A m. Louisa Jane RUSSELL (dau of John R 6 D Bedford m. Georgiana Eliz GORDON)
            
          • 4 1838-1913 James H 2 D A m. Maria CURZON-HOWE (related to L C of Rhodesia?)
            
          • 3 1869-1953 James H 3 D Abercorn m. Rosalind BINGHAM
            
          • 2 1897-1972 Cynthia HAMILTON m. Albert SPENCER (Lady Di's gparents)
            
          • 1 1924-92 Edw S 8 E S 68yo Visc Althorp m. Frances Ruth ROCHE (later div.)
            
          • 0 1961-97 'Lady Di' S d. 8/31 in paparazzi-related car crash in a Paris tunnel m. Prince Charles DoY

            So 1 JCS and 0 Lady Di (ca 19) are 17th cousins, 1x removed on this line

    • 16 Eliz m. Matthew STEWART, 2nd E of Lennox
      
      • ... Earls of Lennox -> Matthew m. Margaret DOUGLAS, parents of Lord Darnley who m. Mary QoS, cf Stewart.html
        
  • 17 KoS James III r1460-88 m. Margaret of Denmark
    

So 1 JCS and 0 BG (common anc 19 Sir John H 4 L Cadzow) are 17th cousins, 1x removed on the HAMILTON line

0 BG and 3 C S LEWIS (common anc 19 Sir John ") are 15th cousins, 3x removed on this line

0 BG and 5 Alexander H (common anc 21 Sir David 2 Cadzow) are 15th cousins, 5x removed on this line

3 CSL and 5 Alexander H (common anc 21) are 15th cousins, 2x removed on this line

0 BG is the 16g gson of 18 KoS James II